胸腰椎骨折手术指征 胸腰椎骨折手术方法挑选的研讨
赵雁伟+++王廉佐
[摘要] 意图 评论使用前后路法在胸腰椎骨折的医治效果。办法 总结剖析2008 年3月~2012年3月我院骨科在胸腰椎骨折医治时选用前后路手术办法医治46例胸腰椎骨折的不同医治效果、手术办法挑选的经历。成果 均匀随诊4~16个月,前路手术21例,术后并发腰痛显着削减,神经功用按Frankel分级,均有1~3级的改进,椎体高度康复达80%~100%,脊柱稳定性显着改进;后路手术25例中,7例术后腰痛,骨折复位不满意。定论 胸腰椎骨折手术办法挑选,前路比后路医治效果略好。
[要害词] 胸腰椎骨折; 手术办法; 脊柱
[中图分类号] R687.3[文献标识码] B[文章编号] 1673-9701(2014)16-0140-03
Discussion on selection of anterior and posterior approach in surgery of thoracolumbar spinal fracture
ZHAO Yanwei WANG Lianzuo
Department of Orthopedic,China Railway 12th Bureau Group Central Hospital, Taiyuan030000,China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the effects of anterior and posterior approach in surgery of thoracolumbar spinal fracture. Methods All 46 cases with thoracolumbar fracture were operated by anterior and poster or approach. Clinical examination and radiography were analyzed. Results The average follow up was 4-16 months.21 patients with anterior approach obtained good reduction of the height of vertebral bodies and were free from back pain. Neurological function had 1-3 degree improvement Frankel score. While 7 of 25 cases with posterior approach had back pain and neurological deficit. Conclusion Surgery with anterior approach in the thoracolumbar fracture is better than that with posterior approach.
[Key words] Thoracolumbar fracture; Operation; Spine 脊柱胸腰段骨折系指发作在T11~L2的骨折,因其解剖学的特色,成为脊柱骨折的多发部位[1,2]。近年来印象学及生物力学的开展使人们对胸腰椎骨折的危害机理、临床确诊及医治有了更深的知道[3]。我科2008年3月~2012年3月四年间对胸腰椎爆裂骨折伴脊髓危害医治,挑选前路或后路切开复位内固定,伴有椎管狭隘者行椎管减压术,手术办法:选用AF固定体系、Harrington固定体系、Dick固定体系、Z-plate体系、ATLP(AO前路胸腰椎带锁钛板)等医治。术后46例患者进行随访,本研讨将随访成果结合相关文献,剖析评论急性胸腰椎爆裂骨折伴脊髓危害患者手术办法的挑选,调查两组医治计划哪种能更好地促进脊髓危害后椎体稳定性及神经功用的康复。
1材料与办法
1.1一般材料
2008~2012年4年中胸腰椎骨折病例共46例,男33例,女13例;年纪20~53岁,均匀35岁;危害部位:T11 12例,T12 15例, L1 11例, L2 8例。术前天数:2~16d,均匀3.5d。神经体系受伤程度分级按Frankel法分为4级:A级13例,B级7例,C级11例,D级8例,E级7例。
1.2医治办法及评分标准
当选两组患者入路挑选,选用后路:其间9例行后路伤椎椎板次全或全切除,伴有骨性椎管狭隘行椎管减压Harington固定体系内固定术;6例行后路伤椎椎板次全或全切除,伴有骨性椎管狭隘行椎管减压,经后路Luque固定体系内固定术;7例行后路病椎椎板次全或全切除,伴有骨性椎管狭隘行椎管减压Dick固定体系内固定术。6例行后路伤椎椎板切除(GSS)椎弓根螺钉内固定术,其间2例切除神经症状重的一侧或椎管狭隘较重一侧的椎板,1例行全椎板切除,康复椎管容积到达减压效果。前路患者:15例行前路伤椎椎体次全或全切除并行椎管减压术,8例Z-Plate体系内固定术,7例AO前路胸腰椎带锁钛板(ATLP)。以上手术除Z-plate体系植骨时有4例加用钛合金网外,其他均采纳内固定基础上加植骨的办法完结。
2成果
46例患者术后4周带胸腰椎强制性矫形器功用训练(除兼并截瘫病例),出院病例随访:1~4年,均匀2年。均按Frankel分级评分标准:术后2年两组病例46例中兼并截瘫的13例中(A 级),术后2例脊柱稳定性及神经功用康复到根本正常(D级),1例康复到B级,2例康复到C级,余8例脊柱稳定性康复杰出但神经功用没有显着改进。表1示其他患者受损神经体系康复状况。
表1 18例胸腰椎骨折患者后入路手术神经功用分级(Frankel分级)
表2 15例胸腰椎骨折患者前入路手术神经功用分级(Frankel分级)
3评论
脊髓危害可分原发性危害和继发性危害,当发作急性脊髓危害时,受损神经的细胞不行再生,研讨标明原发性危害在短时间内被迫发作,构成不行逆危害;继发性危害包含安排代谢妨碍、水肿、炎症反响、血流量下降、部分缺血、再灌注危害等特征[4-7]。继发性危害是在原发性危害的基础上发作的,具有渐进性,是可以反转的,这就为医治SCI供给了理论依据[6-9]。因而,关于胸腰椎骨折特别截瘫的患者,及时手术切开减压十分要害。这是因为胸腰椎骨折时可构成椎体稳定性损失,假如爆裂的椎体或骨片及破碎的间盘安排进入椎管,压榨脊髓,将会或许构成患者瘫痪。此刻,因为脊髓出血或水肿等为继发性改动,及时医治(手术减压合作药物)则有可逆性,神经功用部分得到康复[10-12]。但假如椎管内脊髓受压时间长危害程度过重,细胞可因缺血及坏死血液循环妨碍发作继发,缺血坏死-血循环妨碍构成恶性循环,神经细胞终究变性,纤维化瘢痕构成,神经细胞永久坏死。
因而急性脊髓危害患者要害是尽早手术免除椎管内脊髓受压,并康复椎体稳定性,然后使受损的脊髓有用地减轻其水肿,确保神经细胞可以得到满意的血液灌注量,最大极限康复其功用。而手术入路的挑选也十分要害,现在有两种临床常用的前后路入路办法,医治效果各不相同。虽然前路手术医治胸腰椎骨折有很多长处,但仍是要根据实际状况,严厉把握手术习惯证[12-15]:①胸腰椎爆裂型骨折兼并脊髓危害,经CT、MRI证明致压物来自椎管前方,而后方无骨块进入椎管者;②胸腰椎爆裂型骨折虽无神经症状,但椎管劳累胸椎>40%,腰椎> 50%;③已实施后路手术,但脊髓前方致压物仍未免除或脊柱仍存在不稳定者;④陈旧性胸腰椎骨折有迟发性神经危害者。一起前路手术不光可以直视下完全免除椎管内骨性狭隘,更好地免除脊髓直接致压物,更能较好地康复脊柱三柱的稳定性,然后可以最大极限康复脊柱生物力学结构。
endprint
综上所述,对胸腰段爆裂骨折兼并截瘫的病例,应在完善术前查看后,急诊实施有用的椎管减压、契合生物力学的固定的手术[13-18];才或许部分乃至是悉数康复受损的神经功用,以上46例病例可以看出:椎体术后脊柱高度康复状况,椎体高度康复最差后路Harrington;经后路Luque手术椎体紧缩术后椎体高度康复最少。Z-plate内固定技能能供给满意的力学强度,满意临床医治需求,术后前期离床活动后根本未呈现内固定松动或开裂现象,椎体间植骨均于术后3~4个月交融。余三种术式椎体高度康复程度大致适当。椎管减压后管径的康复状况:前路Z-plate手术术后椎管管径康复最好;经后路Luque手术椎管管径康复最差,后路Harriton 、Diek 术后管径康复也较好。脊髓功用康复:前路Z-plate手术术后脊髓康复较好,24例患者均有一级或一级以上神经功用得以康复。这说明椎管内脊髓得到充沛减压后,其功用较减压不行充沛的康复要好。
经前路减压内固定术可以最大程度康复病椎椎体高度,也可以完全免除椎管内脊髓的压榨,更有用康复神经功用。
研讨材料剖析所示,关于胸腰段脊柱骨折医治的成功与否,要害在于正确及时和挑选适宜的手术机遇及办法,而手术意图在于脊髓减压以康复受损神经部分乃至悉数功用,其次树立脊柱稳定性。关于胸腰椎骨折稳定性的树立,经前后路手术内固定体系均有用果,术后椎体骨性交融均能供给满意的脊柱支撑功用,但前路固定体系更强些。对椎管管径累及达25%以上病例,可考虑优先考虑前路减压固定术。
[参考文献]
[1]Fernandez E, Mannino S, Tufo T, et al. The adult paraplegic rat: treatment with cell graftings[J]. Surg Neurol, 2006, 65(3): 223-237.
[2]Pallardó LM,Oppenheimer F, Guirado, et al. Calcineurin inhibitor reduction based on maintenance immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant patients: POP study[J]. Transplant Proc, 2007, 39(7): 2187-2189.
[3]徐蓉,胡辉,朱健. 新式免疫抑制抗生素霉酚酸酯的研讨进展[J]. 温州大学学报,2005, 18(6): 58-65.
[4]Suzuki S, Toledo-Pereyra LH, Rodriguez FJ, et al. Neutrophil infiltration as an important factor in liver ischemia and reperfusion injury: Modulating effects of FK506 and cyclosporine[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 55(3): 1265-1272.
[5]Allison AC, Eugui EM. Mycophenolate acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis, block the glycosylation of adhesion molecules[J]. Immuno Pharmacology, 2009, 47(223): 85-118.
[6]Laurent AF, Dumont S, Poindron P, et al. Mycophenolic acid suppresses protein N-linked glycosylation in human monocytes and their adhesionto endo the lial cells and to some substrates[J]. Exp Hematol, 2010, 24(1): 59-67.
[7]Allison AC, Kowalski WJ, Muller CJ, et al. Mycophenolic acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis block the glycosylation of adhesion molecu les[J]. Transplant Proc, 2011, 25(3Suppl): S67-70.
[8]Sollinger HW. Mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in primary cadavericrenal allograft recipients U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 60(3): 225-232.
[9]Ji SM, Liu ZH, Chen JS, et al. Rescue therapy by immunoadsorption in combination with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil for C4 dpositive acute humoral renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(10): 3459-3463.
[10]卢旻鹏,权正学,刘渤.试验动物脊髓的危害模型[J].我国骨与关节危害杂志,2008,23(2): 471-473.
[11]Hiruma S, Otsuka K, Satou T, et al. Simple and reproducible model of rat spinal cord injury induced by a controlled cortical impact device[J]. Neurol Res, 2013, 21(3): 313-323.
[12]Yeo SJ, Hwang SN, Park SW, et al. Development of a rat model of graded contusive spinal cord injury using a pneumatic impact device[J]. J Korean Med Sci, 2004, 19(4): 574-580.
[13]Thomas AJ, Nockels RP, Pan HQ, et al. Progesterone is neuroprotective after acute experimental spinal cord traumainrats[J]. Spine, 2010, 24(20): 2134-2138.
[14]Sánchez FA, Calvo N, MorenoMA, et al. Bettermycophenolic acid 12h trough level after entericcoated mycophenolate sodium in patients with gastrointestinal intolerance to mycophenolate mofetil[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 39(7): 2194-2196.
[15]Juarez FJ, Barrios Y, Cano L, et al. A randomized trial comparing two corticosteroid regimens combined with mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine for prevention of acute renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(9): 2866-2868.
[16]杨建东,李家顺,贾连顺,等. 大剂量甲基强的松龙对大鼠急性脊髓危害防备维护效果的研讨[J]. 我国脊柱脊髓杂志,2012,15(1): 46-48.
[17]Eck JC, Nachtigall D, Humphreys SC, et al. Questionnaire survey of spine surgeonson the use of methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury[J]. Spine, 2011, 31: E250-E253.
[18]Imanaka T, Hukuda S, MaedaT. The role of GM1-ganglioside in the injuried spinal cord of rats: An immunohistochemical study using GM1-antisera[J]. Neurotrauma, 2011, 13:163-170.
(收稿日期:2014-03-05)
endprint
综上所述,对胸腰段爆裂骨折兼并截瘫的病例,应在完善术前查看后,急诊实施有用的椎管减压、契合生物力学的固定的手术[13-18];才或许部分乃至是悉数康复受损的神经功用,以上46例病例可以看出:椎体术后脊柱高度康复状况,椎体高度康复最差后路Harrington;经后路Luque手术椎体紧缩术后椎体高度康复最少。Z-plate内固定技能能供给满意的力学强度,满意临床医治需求,术后前期离床活动后根本未呈现内固定松动或开裂现象,椎体间植骨均于术后3~4个月交融。余三种术式椎体高度康复程度大致适当。椎管减压后管径的康复状况:前路Z-plate手术术后椎管管径康复最好;经后路Luque手术椎管管径康复最差,后路Harriton 、Diek 术后管径康复也较好。脊髓功用康复:前路Z-plate手术术后脊髓康复较好,24例患者均有一级或一级以上神经功用得以康复。这说明椎管内脊髓得到充沛减压后,其功用较减压不行充沛的康复要好。
经前路减压内固定术可以最大程度康复病椎椎体高度,也可以完全免除椎管内脊髓的压榨,更有用康复神经功用。
研讨材料剖析所示,关于胸腰段脊柱骨折医治的成功与否,要害在于正确及时和挑选适宜的手术机遇及办法,而手术意图在于脊髓减压以康复受损神经部分乃至悉数功用,其次树立脊柱稳定性。关于胸腰椎骨折稳定性的树立,经前后路手术内固定体系均有用果,术后椎体骨性交融均能供给满意的脊柱支撑功用,但前路固定体系更强些。对椎管管径累及达25%以上病例,可考虑优先考虑前路减压固定术。
[参考文献]
[1]Fernandez E, Mannino S, Tufo T, et al. The adult paraplegic rat: treatment with cell graftings[J]. Surg Neurol, 2006, 65(3): 223-237.
[2]Pallardó LM,Oppenheimer F, Guirado, et al. Calcineurin inhibitor reduction based on maintenance immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant patients: POP study[J]. Transplant Proc, 2007, 39(7): 2187-2189.
[3]徐蓉,胡辉,朱健. 新式免疫抑制抗生素霉酚酸酯的研讨进展[J]. 温州大学学报,2005, 18(6): 58-65.
[4]Suzuki S, Toledo-Pereyra LH, Rodriguez FJ, et al. Neutrophil infiltration as an important factor in liver ischemia and reperfusion injury: Modulating effects of FK506 and cyclosporine[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 55(3): 1265-1272.
[5]Allison AC, Eugui EM. Mycophenolate acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis, block the glycosylation of adhesion molecules[J]. Immuno Pharmacology, 2009, 47(223): 85-118.
[6]Laurent AF, Dumont S, Poindron P, et al. Mycophenolic acid suppresses protein N-linked glycosylation in human monocytes and their adhesionto endo the lial cells and to some substrates[J]. Exp Hematol, 2010, 24(1): 59-67.
[7]Allison AC, Kowalski WJ, Muller CJ, et al. Mycophenolic acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis block the glycosylation of adhesion molecu les[J]. Transplant Proc, 2011, 25(3Suppl): S67-70.
[8]Sollinger HW. Mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in primary cadavericrenal allograft recipients U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 60(3): 225-232.
[9]Ji SM, Liu ZH, Chen JS, et al. Rescue therapy by immunoadsorption in combination with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil for C4 dpositive acute humoral renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(10): 3459-3463.
[10]卢旻鹏,权正学,刘渤.试验动物脊髓的危害模型[J].我国骨与关节危害杂志,2008,23(2): 471-473.
[11]Hiruma S, Otsuka K, Satou T, et al. Simple and reproducible model of rat spinal cord injury induced by a controlled cortical impact device[J]. Neurol Res, 2013, 21(3): 313-323.
[12]Yeo SJ, Hwang SN, Park SW, et al. Development of a rat model of graded contusive spinal cord injury using a pneumatic impact device[J]. J Korean Med Sci, 2004, 19(4): 574-580.
[13]Thomas AJ, Nockels RP, Pan HQ, et al. Progesterone is neuroprotective after acute experimental spinal cord traumainrats[J]. Spine, 2010, 24(20): 2134-2138.
[14]Sánchez FA, Calvo N, MorenoMA, et al. Bettermycophenolic acid 12h trough level after entericcoated mycophenolate sodium in patients with gastrointestinal intolerance to mycophenolate mofetil[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 39(7): 2194-2196.
[15]Juarez FJ, Barrios Y, Cano L, et al. A randomized trial comparing two corticosteroid regimens combined with mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine for prevention of acute renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(9): 2866-2868.
[16]杨建东,李家顺,贾连顺,等. 大剂量甲基强的松龙对大鼠急性脊髓危害防备维护效果的研讨[J]. 我国脊柱脊髓杂志,2012,15(1): 46-48.
[17]Eck JC, Nachtigall D, Humphreys SC, et al. Questionnaire survey of spine surgeonson the use of methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury[J]. Spine, 2011, 31: E250-E253.
[18]Imanaka T, Hukuda S, MaedaT. The role of GM1-ganglioside in the injuried spinal cord of rats: An immunohistochemical study using GM1-antisera[J]. Neurotrauma, 2011, 13:163-170.
(收稿日期:2014-03-05)
endprint
综上所述,对胸腰段爆裂骨折兼并截瘫的病例,应在完善术前查看后,急诊实施有用的椎管减压、契合生物力学的固定的手术[13-18];才或许部分乃至是悉数康复受损的神经功用,以上46例病例可以看出:椎体术后脊柱高度康复状况,椎体高度康复最差后路Harrington;经后路Luque手术椎体紧缩术后椎体高度康复最少。Z-plate内固定技能能供给满意的力学强度,满意临床医治需求,术后前期离床活动后根本未呈现内固定松动或开裂现象,椎体间植骨均于术后3~4个月交融。余三种术式椎体高度康复程度大致适当。椎管减压后管径的康复状况:前路Z-plate手术术后椎管管径康复最好;经后路Luque手术椎管管径康复最差,后路Harriton 、Diek 术后管径康复也较好。脊髓功用康复:前路Z-plate手术术后脊髓康复较好,24例患者均有一级或一级以上神经功用得以康复。这说明椎管内脊髓得到充沛减压后,其功用较减压不行充沛的康复要好。
经前路减压内固定术可以最大程度康复病椎椎体高度,也可以完全免除椎管内脊髓的压榨,更有用康复神经功用。
研讨材料剖析所示,关于胸腰段脊柱骨折医治的成功与否,要害在于正确及时和挑选适宜的手术机遇及办法,而手术意图在于脊髓减压以康复受损神经部分乃至悉数功用,其次树立脊柱稳定性。关于胸腰椎骨折稳定性的树立,经前后路手术内固定体系均有用果,术后椎体骨性交融均能供给满意的脊柱支撑功用,但前路固定体系更强些。对椎管管径累及达25%以上病例,可考虑优先考虑前路减压固定术。
[参考文献]
[1]Fernandez E, Mannino S, Tufo T, et al. The adult paraplegic rat: treatment with cell graftings[J]. Surg Neurol, 2006, 65(3): 223-237.
[2]Pallardó LM,Oppenheimer F, Guirado, et al. Calcineurin inhibitor reduction based on maintenance immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant patients: POP study[J]. Transplant Proc, 2007, 39(7): 2187-2189.
[3]徐蓉,胡辉,朱健. 新式免疫抑制抗生素霉酚酸酯的研讨进展[J]. 温州大学学报,2005, 18(6): 58-65.
[4]Suzuki S, Toledo-Pereyra LH, Rodriguez FJ, et al. Neutrophil infiltration as an important factor in liver ischemia and reperfusion injury: Modulating effects of FK506 and cyclosporine[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 55(3): 1265-1272.
[5]Allison AC, Eugui EM. Mycophenolate acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis, block the glycosylation of adhesion molecules[J]. Immuno Pharmacology, 2009, 47(223): 85-118.
[6]Laurent AF, Dumont S, Poindron P, et al. Mycophenolic acid suppresses protein N-linked glycosylation in human monocytes and their adhesionto endo the lial cells and to some substrates[J]. Exp Hematol, 2010, 24(1): 59-67.
[7]Allison AC, Kowalski WJ, Muller CJ, et al. Mycophenolic acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis block the glycosylation of adhesion molecu les[J]. Transplant Proc, 2011, 25(3Suppl): S67-70.
[8]Sollinger HW. Mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in primary cadavericrenal allograft recipients U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 60(3): 225-232.
[9]Ji SM, Liu ZH, Chen JS, et al. Rescue therapy by immunoadsorption in combination with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil for C4 dpositive acute humoral renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(10): 3459-3463.
[10]卢旻鹏,权正学,刘渤.试验动物脊髓的危害模型[J].我国骨与关节危害杂志,2008,23(2): 471-473.
[11]Hiruma S, Otsuka K, Satou T, et al. Simple and reproducible model of rat spinal cord injury induced by a controlled cortical impact device[J]. Neurol Res, 2013, 21(3): 313-323.
[12]Yeo SJ, Hwang SN, Park SW, et al. Development of a rat model of graded contusive spinal cord injury using a pneumatic impact device[J]. J Korean Med Sci, 2004, 19(4): 574-580.
[13]Thomas AJ, Nockels RP, Pan HQ, et al. Progesterone is neuroprotective after acute experimental spinal cord traumainrats[J]. Spine, 2010, 24(20): 2134-2138.
[14]Sánchez FA, Calvo N, MorenoMA, et al. Bettermycophenolic acid 12h trough level after entericcoated mycophenolate sodium in patients with gastrointestinal intolerance to mycophenolate mofetil[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 39(7): 2194-2196.
[15]Juarez FJ, Barrios Y, Cano L, et al. A randomized trial comparing two corticosteroid regimens combined with mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine for prevention of acute renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(9): 2866-2868.
[16]杨建东,李家顺,贾连顺,等. 大剂量甲基强的松龙对大鼠急性脊髓危害防备维护效果的研讨[J]. 我国脊柱脊髓杂志,2012,15(1): 46-48.
[17]Eck JC, Nachtigall D, Humphreys SC, et al. Questionnaire survey of spine surgeonson the use of methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury[J]. Spine, 2011, 31: E250-E253.
[18]Imanaka T, Hukuda S, MaedaT. The role of GM1-ganglioside in the injuried spinal cord of rats: An immunohistochemical study using GM1-antisera[J]. Neurotrauma, 2011, 13:163-170.
(收稿日期:2014-03-05)
endprint