椎间镜医治颈椎病 Zero—P颈前路椎间交融体系医治颈椎病的研究进展
王翔 宋文慧
[摘要] ACDF一向是医治颈椎病的经典术式,术中运用颈前路钛板具有显着的优越性,但长时刻随访研讨发现颈前路钛板的运用存在许多并发症,特别是在长节段ACDF中。为战胜颈前路钛板运用进程中呈现的一系列问题,一种新式零切迹椎间交融体系应运而生。自Zero-P颈前路椎间交融体系在2008年运用临床以来,单/双节段ACDF研讨许多,其安全性及有用性现已通过很多研讨得到证明。3/4节段颈椎病医治的手术办法现在仍存在争议,但是运用Zero-P行ACDF医治3/4节段颈椎病已成为国内外研讨热门,但临床运用是否安全有用现在仍没有到达一起,存在争辩。
[关键词] 颈椎病;Zero-P;脊柱交融术;吞咽困难
[中图分类号] R687.3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)14-0159-05
[Abstract] ACDF is a classical operation for the treatment of cervical spondylosis. Applying anterior cervical titanium plate during operation is with significant advantages. However, researches including long-term follow-up found there were many complications of the application of anterior cervical titanium plate, especially in the long-segment ACDF. To solve the problems of anterior cervical titanium plate application, a new kind of zero-profile anterior cervical interbody fusion system appeared. Since Zero-P anterior cervical interbody fusion system began to be applied in clinical treatment, there were many studies on single/double-segment ACDF. The safety and effectiveness of this system has been confirmed by massive researches. The method of operation on the cervical spondylosis of 3/4 segment is still controversial. It has been a hot issue to treat cervical spondylosis of 3/4 segment using ACDF with the application of Zero-P. However, the safety and effectiveness of clinical application of this method have not reached a consensus and remain controversial.
[Key words] Cervical spondylosis; Zero-P; Spinal fusion; Dysphagia
早在上世紀50年代,Smith和Robinson[1]报导了颈椎前路椎间盘切除减压交融术(Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion,ACDF),半个多世纪以来,ACDF一向被视为医治颈椎病的金规范[2,3],合作颈前路钛板固定,能够改进和坚持颈椎曲度[4,5],进步植骨交融率[6-8],避免交融器移位及下沉[5],但因为钛板突出于椎体前缘,对颈前软组织发作较大搅扰,术后随访研讨发现存在吞咽困难[9,10]及食管气管损害[11]等并发症,一起钛板的运用添加附近节段退变的发作率[11,12],且在钛板植入时需求处理继发于退变及伤口的椎体滑移和椎体前缘骨赘[13],添加手术操作时刻及难度。为下降前路钛板相关并发症的发作,一种具有“支撑、固定及交融”功能为一体的Zero-P颈前路椎间交融体系应运而生并成功运用于临床。现在运用Zero-P颈前路椎间交融体系行单双节段ACDF医治颈椎病的研讨颇多,大都学者[13,14]证明了其安全性和有用性,到现在为止,因为需求术区的广泛露出及钛板运用的潜在并发症等要素,3/4节段ACDF仍没有到达一起,而Zero-P在单双节段成功的运用,也让越来越多的国内外学者将目光转移到运用Zero-P行3/4节段ACDF医治颈椎病的研讨上,成为研讨热门。本文就Zero-P运用于ACDF的生物力学、临床效果及术后并发症研讨状况总述如下。
1 Zero-P体系
Zero-P颈前路椎间交融体系(Synthes,Switzerland)由前方钛板、后方可透X线的PEEK椎间交融器以及带有确定头的螺钉集成在一起组成。其间钛板中心与两头别离有向尾侧及头侧的2个螺钉植入孔,带有确定头的螺钉植入后,头、尾端螺钉成角(40±5)°,内、外侧成角2.5°。新一代产品钛板两边各有1个螺钉植入孔,使手术操作愈加简略。椎间交融器植入钽符号物,便于调查植入方位是否适宜,其外表的齿状结构供给了初始的安稳性。钛板与交融器之间创新式的结合界面,使得钛板上的应力与交融器别离。Zero-P颈前路椎间交融体系于2008年研制成功后经美国食物与药品管理局(FDA)同意,开端运用于临床。
2 生物力学安稳性
关于单节段Zero-P的生物力学研讨已有较多报导。2009年Scholz等[15]在24例尸身标本上运用3种不同颈前路固定体系行单节段ACDF研讨生物力学安稳性,成果显现,Zero-P的生物力学安稳性与试验中两种钛板的安稳性类似,一起,根据体外基础研讨的约束,作者以为,体外试验短少肌肉韧带坚持颈椎安稳的力气,所以临床运用其安稳性或许更好。2014年Stein等[16]进行尸身体外研讨,比照剖析3螺钉Zero-P体系与交融器联合钛板在单节段ACDF中的生物力学安稳性,成果提示两种内固定体系的生物力学安稳性无显着性差异。Wojewnik等[17]、Majid等[18]也证明了Zero-P在单节段ACDF中的生物力学安稳性。根据Zero-P在单节段ACDF中抱负的生物力学安稳性,Zero-P在单节段ACDF中得以广泛成功的运用[13,19]。Zero-P在多节段ACDF中能否供给与交融器联合钛板类似的生物力学安稳性关系到其临床运用的安全性,因而,2015年Scholz等[20]进行了多节段ACDF生物力学试验,发现在2/3节段ACDF中,Zero-P与交融器联合钛板都可下降节段的ROM,都能够供给必定的生物力学安稳性,但后者的生物力学安稳性更优,一起跟着植入物的添加节段安稳性下降。现在Zero-P在多节段ACDF中的生物力学研讨报导少,必定程度上约束了临床运用,所以需求更多学者研讨以期为临床运用供给牢靠根据。
3 临床效果及印象学评价
Zero-P在单节段ACDF中能够供给抱负的生物力学安稳性,在单节段ACDF中运用广泛,所以关于运用Zero-P行ACDF医治单双节段颈椎病的文献报导相对较多。2013年Vanek等[19]对77例颈椎病患者别离运用Zero-P和交融器联合钛板行ACDF,其间双节段颈椎病患者19例,最短随访时刻超越2年,术后NDI均得到显着改进,颈椎Cobb C在术后6周时改进最显着,到达最大值,之后略有下降,但两组在颈椎曲度改进及坚持上并无差异。Chen等[14]的比照研讨也得出类似的定论:运用Zero-P行ACDF医治双节段颈椎病能够取得杰出的临床效果和植骨交融率。Yun等[21]又比照研讨了运用Zero-P和交融器联合钛板行ACDF的63例相邻双节段颈椎病患者,成果提示Zero-P关于双节段颈椎病的医治是安全、有用的,一起以为Zero-P在临床运用进程中最重要的一点是其植入的恰当方位,假如Zero-P植入时前缘与颈椎前缘连线相切,则其在颈椎曲度改进坚持和椎间高度坚持方面能到达更优的预期。可见,运用Zero-P医治单双节段颈椎病是安全有用的,在取得杰出神经功能改进和植骨交融率的一起,能够很好地改进及坚持颈椎曲度。
但是,Zero-P对3/4节段颈椎病的医治是否安全有用没有到达一起,存在争议,相关研讨也因为病例少,随访时刻短受到约束。Albanese等[22]运用Zero-P医治24例3/4节段颈椎病患者,均匀随访39个月,术后VAS、NDI、SF-36和颈椎曲度均取得显着改进,在末次随访中,颈椎曲度稍有丢掉,但与术后前期比较并没有统计学含义,提示Zero-P在随访进程中能够很好地坚持颈椎曲度,这与相关[23]研讨成果一起,但该项研讨中仅有4例3节段病例。Albanese 等[22]研讨交融率为49%,以为较低的交融率与交融面多相关,Guo等[24]研讨也得出相同的定论,但交融率低与不满足的临床效果并没有相关性,在未交融的病例中,獲得杰出颈椎曲度改进坚持的患者在随访中坚持了满足的临床效果[22]。Barbagallo等[13]的研讨成果与上述研讨中较低交融率构成鲜明比照,交融率高达94.5%,但其运用Zero-P医治的32例颈椎病患者中,3节段6例,4节段7例,交融率高或许与3/4节段病例占比低有关。虽然临床研讨因为病例数少而存在局限性,但上述作者[13,22,23]都以为Zero-P体系关于3/4节段颈椎病的医治是安全、有用的,一起Albanese 等[22]得出在3/4节段ACDF中颈椎曲度改进与临床效果呈正相关这一重要的定论。Shi等[25]又对38例3节段脊髓型颈椎病患者别离选用Zero-P和交融器联合钛板行ACDF,均匀随访30.3个月,成果显现一切患者均取得了满足的神经功能改进,在末次随访中无患者不交融,但手术节段曲度的改进及坚持Zero-P组不及交融器联合钛板组,这与上述研讨报导不同,作者以为或许与随访时刻短有关,一起吞咽困难发作率、cage沉降率Zero-P组并没有比交融器联合钛板组低,因而,在3节段颈椎病医治器械的挑选上作者不引荐惯例运用Zero-P。运用Zero-P行3/4节段ACDF医治颈椎病的研讨少,其颈椎曲度改进及临床效果等方面存在争辩,而且并发症发作率或许添加,所以在临床运用中需求慎重考虑,其可行性、安全性有待进一步研讨。
4 ACDF术后并发症
4.1术后吞咽困难
传统ACDF术后报导最多的并发症是吞咽困难,发作率达2%~67%,虽然大部分患者吞咽困难症状会在术后3个月内自行消失,但缓慢吞咽困难的发作率依然高达12.5%~35.1%[26-28]。虽然术后吞咽困难的病理机制现在仍不清晰,但大都学者以为颈前钛板突出于颈椎椎体前缘,对食管的机械影响是导致术后呈现缓慢吞咽困难症状的主要原因[26,29],Lee等[29]也以为术后吞咽困难的发作与钛板的规划及厚度存在相关性,虽然钛板越来越薄和显微外科技能的开展运用显着削减术区的露出,但长节段钛板植入术后吞咽困难发作率依然很高[26,29]。的确,Zero-P彻底包容于椎间隙,有用地避免了内植物对食管发作的机械性影响,然后显着下降术后吞咽困难发作率。
国内的一项体系性总述和Mate剖析,成果显现Zero-P能够有用下降术后吞咽困难发作率,术后短期吞咽困难发作率为29.2%,而337例患者中只要2例呈现缓慢吞咽困难症状[30]。Innocent等[23]、Miao等[31]、Barbagallo等[13]也证明了Zero-P能够有用下降术后吞咽困难的发作率,一起,Barbagallo等[13]研讨显现在单/多节段ACDF中,C4~5/C5~6节段术后患者吞咽困难发作率更高,Tortolani等[32]也报导了类似的成果,以为C5~6水平的解剖要素是导致这一成果的主要原因,但部分学者[10,26]以为颈椎手术节段越高,吞咽困难发作率越高,或许是因为手术节段越高,损害喉上及咽部神经的或许性更大。Albanese等[22]在长达3年的随访研讨中,报导了运用Zero-P行3/4节段ACDF医治颈椎病术后吞咽困难的发作率为20.8%,显着低于文献报导,并在术后6个月彻底消失,作者以为在多节段ACDF中吞咽困难更或许与手术影响和软组织肿胀有关而不是植入物。Vanek等[19]、Yun等[21]、Shi等[25]研讨并没有证明Zero-P在单多节段ACDF中可下降术后吞咽困难发作率,作者以为钛板不是导致吞咽困难的仅有要素,而是多方面要素一起的成果,食管缩短、水肿,食管神经丛或喉上神经损害,椎前软组织术后肿胀也或许起到必定效果。
4.2术后cage沉降
Duan YC等[30]进行关于ACDF的临床效果及术后并发症的体系性总述和Mate剖析,成果显现交融器联合钛板的cage沉降率为5%,而运用Zero-P沉降率为17.8%。cage沉降这一并发症或许导致继发的颈椎后凸[33],但有研讨[34]以为其不会影响临床效果和交融率,Schmieder等[35]也得出类似的定论:cage下沉不会导致显着的椎间孔高度丢掉,即便一起存在颈椎曲度变直也不会影响临床效果。
4.3術后ASD
ACDF后另一个潜在的并发症是ASD,文献报导在承受颈前路手术后10年内的发作率约为25%,超越15%的患者因ASD需行二次手术[36,37]。ASD发作机制尚不清晰,现在被广泛承受的是颈椎部分生物力学改动和附近节段天然退变两种[33,38],也有学者[12]以为颈前路钛板的运用及钛板较长到达相邻椎间盘水平会添加相邻椎间盘的应力,而加快附近节段椎间盘的退变和骨赘的构成。而Zero-P最大极限地削减了内植物对相邻节段的影响,然后削减附近节段退变的发作。Albanese等[22]在最长达6年的随访研讨中,没有发现运用Zero-P行多节段ACDF后附近节段退变的病例,Yang等[39]研讨也发现运用Zero-P能下降附近节段退变的发作率,虽然如此,Miao等[31]以为长时刻的随访调查是有必要的。
5 小结
综上所述,Zero-P在单双节段ACDF中都能够供给杰出的生物力学安稳性,在临床中广泛运用,而且通过很多临床研讨,证明了其安全性及有用性,在取得杰出神经功能改进和植骨交融率的一起,能够很好地改进及坚持颈椎曲度,术后吞咽困难发作率也显着下降。现在关于运用Zero-P行3/4节段ACDF的研讨较少,临床运用是否安全有用现在仍没有到达一起,存在争辩,现在普遍以为运用Zero-P医治3/4节段颈椎病能够取得充沛的神经减压、杰出的颈椎曲度改进和满足的临床效果,但因为相关并发症发作率或许添加,不引荐惯例运用,其可行性、安全性及并发症还需进一步研讨。
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(收稿日期:2018-02-07)