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腰麻和全麻哪个好 腰麻和全麻下经皮肾镜手术医治肾结石的作用比较

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王本锋++高魏贞

[摘要] 意图 比较腰麻或全麻对经皮肾镜手术医治肾结石的影响。 办法 回忆性剖析我院2010年6月~2014年9月收治的60例经皮肾镜医治的肾结石患者,将其随机分为两组:30例患者在腰麻下手术,患者鞘内0.5%布比卡因15~20 mg和 0.01~0.02 mg咪达唑仑;30例患者在全麻下手术,患者予1~2 μg/kg芬太尼和0.01~0.02 mg/kg咪达唑仑和静脉打针100 μg/(kg·min)异丙酚和0.5 mg/kg阿曲库铵。接连监测两组患者收缩压、舒张压、脉率,记载各组数据,而且比较患者手术时刻、麻醉时刻、恢复时刻、失血量、收缩压、舒张压、脉率改变。 成果 腰麻组患者的麻醉前均匀血压和脉率与术中90 min血压和脉率比较,差异无统计学含义(P>0.05);全麻组患者的麻醉前均匀血压与术中90 min血压比较,差异有统计学含义(P<0.05)。手术时刻、麻醉时刻及失血量在全麻组和腰麻组分别为(112.2±18.3) vs (99.3±21.1)min,(112.2±18.3) vs (101.3±22.0)min,(331.7±151.1) vs (211.0±89.6)mL,全麻组显着高于腰麻组(P<0.05)。 定论 经皮肾镜手术在腰麻过程中血流动力学安稳,而且失血量少,手术时刻和麻醉时刻短,值得临床使用。

[关键词] 经皮肾镜;腰麻;全麻;肾结石

[中图分类号] R699 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2015)22-0020-03

Effect comparison of percutaneous nephroscopic surgery under lumbar anesthesia and general anesthesia in treatment of kidney stones

WANG Benfeng1 GAO Weizhen2

1.Department of First Surgery, Rongjun Hospital in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China; 2.Department of Ultrasonography, Rongjun Hospital in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China

[Abstract] Objective To compare the influences of lumbar anesthesia and general anesthesia on the percutaneous nephroscopic surgical treatment of kidney stones. Methods Sixty patients with kidney stones who received percutaneous nephroscopic treatment in our hospital from June 2010 to September 2014 were analyzed retrospectively and randomly divided into two groups. Thirty patients received surgery under lumbar anesthesia with the intrathecal administration of 15-20 mg of 0.5% bupivacaine and 0.01-0.02 mg of midazolam; Thirty patients received surgery under general anesthesia with the intrathecal administration of 1-2 μg/kg of fentanyl and 0.01-0.02 mg/kg of midazolam and the intravenous injection of 100 μg/(kg·min) of propofol and 0.5 mg/kg of atracurium. The systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse rates of the two groups of patients were monitored continuously and each group of data were recorded. And the patients operative time, anesthesia time, recovery time, blood loss and changes in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse rates were compared. Results In the lumbar anesthesia group, the patients' preoperative mean blood pressure and pulse rate compared with the intraoperative 90-minute blood pressure and pulse rate, with no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). In the general anesthesia group, the patients' preoperative mean blood pressure compared with the intraoperative 90-minute blood pressure, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The operative time, anesthesia time and blood loss in the general anesthesia group and the lumbar anesthesia group were(112.2±18.3) vs (99.3±21.1) minutes, (112.2±18.3) vs (101.3±22.0) mintues, and (331.7±151.1) vs (211.0±89.6) mL respectively, with the general anesthesia group were significantly higher than the lumbar anesthesia group (P<0.05). Conclusion In the process of lumbar anesthesia, percutaneous nephroscopic surgery enables stable hemodynamics, causes less blood loss and consumes shorter surgical and anesthesia time, thereby worthy of clinical application.

[Key words] Percutaneous nephrolithotomy; SA; GA; Kidney stones

现在,经皮肾镜(percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL)是医治肾结石最常见的手术办法之一,特别适用于较大、多发和鹿角形结石,此外,体外冲击波碎石或内镜失利时也用PCNL医治[1]。绝大部分经皮肾镜患者一般挑选全身麻醉(general anesthesia,GA)或腰麻(spinal anesthesia,SA)。虽然PCNL在全麻下有杰出的成果,但其或许会导致肺不张、药物反响、厌恶和吐逆[2]。而在腹部和下肢手术,一般挑选选用单一药物的腰麻,而且出血少,能够下降静脉压, 术后减轻痛苦,较少的药物摄入量,削减副作用[3]。别的一些研讨也标明,手术用SA具有更好的成果,但SA下PNCL存在争议,或许导致交感神经阻滞引起急性低血压[4]。血压和脉率可协助监测患者交感神经振奋度。许多手术比较GA和SA的作用,但是,尚无报导比较经皮肾镜手术在GA和SA的血压和脉率。咱们在此项研讨中比较GA和SA下PCNL患者的血压和脉率。现报导如下。

1 材料与办法

1.1 一般材料

回忆性剖析我院2010年6月~2014年9月我院收治的60例经皮肾镜患者,男37例,女23例,年纪18~65岁。扫除脊柱变形、打针部位部分感染、妊娠、精神障碍、缓慢痛苦、高血压、糖尿病、凝血功能障碍、麻醉药物过敏、药物滥用、麻醉部位比T4更高且低于T10水平的患者。将患者随机分为SA组和GA组,每组30例,依据美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级标准将两组患者进行分级,SA组患者Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级分别为22例和8例,GA组患者Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级分别为23例和7例,两组患者无Ⅱ级以上分级。入手术室后监测ECG、HR、SpO2、Bp,给予面罩继续吸氧,中心静脉置管补液和监测中心静脉压。

1.2 办法

1.2.1 全身麻醉 GA组患者1~2 μg/kg芬太尼(宜昌人福药业有限责任公司,H20030197)和0.01~0.02 mg/kg咪达唑仑(江苏恩华药业股份有限公司,H20031037)术前用药诱导。插管前吸氧3min。0.5 mg/kg阿曲库铵(武汉市大华伟业医药化工有限公司,64228-81-5)静脉打针后保持肌松后插管。呼吸参数设定完成后微量泵静脉打针100 μg/(kg·min)异丙酚(湖北盛天恒创生物科技有限公司,2078-54-8)和0.5 mg/kg阿曲库铵保持。保持阶段呼吸参数为VT 8~10 mL/kg,f 12次/min,I∶E=1∶2,Fi0为100%。

1.2.2 腰部麻醉 取侧卧位在T11~12或T12~L1,椎间隙硬膜外穿刺,穿刺成功后以0.5% 15~20 mg布比卡因(湖北盛天恒创生物科技有限公司,14252-80-3)腰麻药注入蛛网膜下隙。用针每隔15~20 s进行感觉阻滞点评(接触感);运动阻滞点评经过以下分数测验:0=无麻木,1=无力扩展腿,2=不能曲折膝盖,3=无法移动腿关节。中心静脉置管补液,PR少于60次/min医治静脉打针阿托品。

1.3 点评目标

手术开端后每30分钟记载收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)和脉率(pulse rate,PR);术中依据血容量招引器核算失血量;术后记载手术时刻、麻醉时刻及恢复时刻。

1.4 统计学剖析

数据经SPSS17.0统计学软件进行剖析,计量材料以均数±标准差(x±s)标明,选用t查验,计数材料选用χ2查验,P<0.05为差异具有统计学含义。

2 成果

2.1 两组患者一般材料及结石特色比较

60例经皮肾镜患者随机分为SA组和GA组,两组患者的性别、年纪、结石巨细及ASA分级比较差异无统计学含义(P>0.05)。见表1。

表1 两组患者一般材料及结石特色比较

注:两组患者性别和ASA分级选用χ2查验,均匀年纪和结石巨细选用t查验

2.2 两组患者术中及术后麻醉状况比较

两组患者手术时刻分别为(112.2±18.3)min、(99.3±21.1)min,GA组手术时刻显着善于SA组(P<0.05);麻醉时刻分别为(112.2±18.3)min、(101.3±22.03)min,GA组麻醉时刻善于SA组(P<0.05);而麻醉后恢复时刻分别为(42.2±12.8)min、(41.5±11.1)min,GA组恢复时刻稍善于SA组,两组比较差异无统计学含义(P>0.05)。SA组术中失血量显着低于GA组,差异有统计学含义(P<0.05),见表2。

2.3两组患者SBP、DBP、PR改变比较

SA组患者的麻醉前均匀血压和脉率与术中90 min血压和脉率比较,差异无统计学含义(P>0.05);GA组患者的麻醉前均匀血压与术中90 min血压比较差异有统计学含义(P<0.05)。见表3。

3评论

本研讨标明腰麻下PCNL手术安全有用,其经过更快的代谢、更少的恢复时刻改进患者的日子质量,成为泌尿外科医师和麻醉医师的首要挑选。在研讨中患者在全麻下和腰麻下的手术时刻分别为(112.2±18.3)min和(99.3±21.1)min,麻醉时刻分别为(112.2±18.3)min和(101.3±22.0)min,在腰麻下的PCNL患者所需求的手术时刻和麻醉时刻都要少于全麻下的患者,与杨艳等[5]研讨成果共同,其以为腰麻下手术患者用药起效快,用药简洁。Taghipour等[6]和吴先华等[7]在研讨中以为腰麻可削减麻醉药物量、手术时刻,并削减副作用。研讨中患者在腰麻下的血压术中较麻醉前下降脉率术中亦下降,失血量约200 mL,腰麻下患者收缩压、舒张压和脉率差异不大,表现其血流动力学安稳性,而全麻下的血压和脉率逐步升高,其失血量约300 mL。Movasseghi等[8]研讨标明腰麻下经皮肾镜手术的患者在术中及术后有更好的血流动力学和更少的出血,别的需求麻醉药剂量较少,恢复时刻快,或许原因是腰麻导致血管舒张和交感神经阻滞或因为自主呼吸削减,胸内压和硬膜外静脉扩张,导致出血削减,别的腰麻下交感神经阻断与全麻比较有其长处,如能向肌肉骨骼体系、皮肤、皮下和安排血液再分配及下降收缩压、舒张压及脉率,然后更好地止血。Kehlet[9]研讨也以为PCNL在腰麻下手术作用较好,失血量和副作用(例如厌恶、吐逆和术后痛苦)更少。最近Ebneshahidi等[10]研讨查询发现麻醉前60~90 min口服20 μg可乐定片,能够显着削减腰麻下经皮肾镜术中出血量,此办法或许成为经皮肾镜手术的惯例麻醉。在一项调查性研讨中,Mehrabi等[11]点评160例承受腰麻的经皮肾镜患者,手术中输血患者10例(6.3%),6例患者呈现术后轻至中度的头痛、头晕和轻度腰痛,一期结石铲除率达70%。另一项前瞻性随机对照研讨中,52例患者进行全身麻醉和58例承受腰部麻醉。腰部麻醉术中高血压、术后头痛和腰痛高于全麻组,但术后镇痛药的用量是全麻两倍,作者主张腰麻作为经皮肾镜手术的一种安全、有用和低成本效益的办法[12],与咱们研讨成果共同。

综上所述,腰麻下经皮肾镜手术是一个速度更快、更安全的麻醉手术,不只能够安稳血流动力学和削减出血,且能够削减手术时刻和麻醉时刻。

[参考文献]

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[8] Movasseghi G,Hassani V,Mohaghegh MR,et al. Comparison between spinal and general anesthesia in percutaneous nephrolithotomy[J]. Anesth Pain Med,2014,4(1): e13871.

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(收稿日期:2015-04-28)

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