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尿激酶冲脑室引流管 颅内压监测下尿激酶脑室内灌洗在高血压性脑室内血肿医治中的战略讨论

点击:0时间:2022-04-09 15:40:03

苏杭州+陈春美+李华民等

[摘要] 意图 评论高血压脑室内出血微创钻孔穿刺置管尿激酶灌洗外引流的临床作用。 办法 回忆性剖析本院2011年6月~2013年6月收治的高血压性脑室内出血患者52例,根据不同的尿激酶水平缓医治时刻,并建立对照组(选用单纯双额骨微创钻孔穿刺置管外引流手术),记载评价颅内血肿的改动状况、血肿改动与尿激酶灌洗的时刻联系、患者日常日子能力(ADL)分级评价、灌洗手术前后GOS评分状况等。 成果 本组共归入52例患者,术后3个月,GOS评分5分14例,4分23例,3分15例;ADL分级Ⅰ级14例,Ⅱ级23例,Ⅲ级14例,Ⅳ级1例。与对照组比较,尿激酶脑室内灌洗组在术后颅内压监测、ADL评分、GOS评分等方面具有必定优势。 定论 高血压脑出血患者出血状况安稳后,前期运用尿激酶医治组预后相对较好,恰当的尿激酶时刻剂量组合有助于脑室内出血患者的康复,颅内压监测下尿激酶脑室内灌洗对高血压脑出血脑室内血肿的治作用果显着,操作简洁、伤口小、安全有用、预后较好。

[要害词] 颅内出血;微创;引流术;尿激酶

[中图分类号] R651.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)11(c)-0007-05

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical effect of the external drainage of urokinase lavage via minimally invasive drilling puncture catheter indwelling in patients with hypertensive intraventricular hemorrhage. Methods Data of 52 patients with hypertensive intraventricular hemorrhage in our hospital from June 2011 to June 2013 treated with different concentrations of urokinase and at different time were retrospectively analysed.The simple external drainage via bilateral frontal minimally invasive drilling puncture catheter indwelling was used in control group.The changes of intracranial hematoma,the relationship between the change of hematoma,the time of urokinase lavage,the patients′ ADL grade,the GOS score before and after the lavage were recorded and evaluated. Results There were 52 patients,after operation of 3 months,the cases of GOS score of 5,4,3 was 14,23,15 cases respectively and 14 cases were ADL grade Ⅰ,23 cases were grade Ⅱ,14 cases were grade Ⅲ,only 1 case was grade Ⅳ.Compare with control group,the group of intraventricular urokinase lavage had certain advantage in ICP,ADL grade and GOS score. Conclusion When patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage are in stable state,the early application of urokinase has a better prognosis.The appropriate urokinase concentration and therapy time can also contribute to the patient′s recovery.Urokinase intraventricular lavage under intracranial pressure monitor has a considerable curative effect for intraventricular hematoma in patients with hypertension cerebral hemorrhage and this kind of operation is easy for handling,little trauma,safe and effective and with a better prognosis.

[Key words] Intracranial hemorrhage;Minimally invasive;External ventricular drainage;Urokinase

高血压脑出血是常见病、多发病,并且其致残率、病死率均高,尤其是血肿破入脑室呈现脑室内出血,病死率极高[1]。脑室内出血占脑出血的3%~5%,其病残率和病死率高,尤其是两个脑室以上的出血,保存医治病死率高达99%[2]。在短时刻内铲除脑室内积血是下降病死率和残疾率的要害所在,但现在尿激酶在临床的运用办法尚无一致计划[3]。选取本院收治的高血压性脑室内出血患者52例选用微创钻孔穿刺置管尿激酶灌洗外引流手术医治,并建立对照组选用单纯双额骨微创钻孔穿刺置管外引流手术医治,评论尿激酶脑室内灌洗的适合手术战略和并发症防治,探求尿激酶在医治高血压颅内出血运用中的合理机遇和时刻剂量组合。

1 材料与办法

1.1 一般材料

选取本院2011年6月~2013年6月收治的高血压性脑室内出血患者52例,男29例,女23例;年纪36~82岁,均匀(60.78±13.01)岁;其间31~50岁11例,~65岁17例,~82岁24例;有显着高血压病史43例,病史叙说不清或无高血压病史9例;深昏倒18例,浅昏倒13例,嗜睡16例,神志清楚9例;入院时伴有头痛、厌恶、吐逆23例,偏瘫13例,失语16例;GCS评分:6~8分17例,9~12分35例;发病时刻:<6 h为7例,6~12 h为28例,~24 h为17例。52例均经头颅CT平扫,CT平扫成果示:单纯脑室出血25例,伴有脑本质出血27例,出血限于两边脑室者39例,两个以上脑室者13例;根据多田公式计算出血量:20~30 ml 4例,~40 ml 34例,~50 ml 9例,~60 ml 5例。

1.2 归入规范和扫除规范

归入规范:①既往高血压病史或既往未查看血压但入院时血压显着升高,契合危重型高血压规范;②头颅CT提示脑室内出血,规模触及双侧脑室或多个脑室内出血;③一切病例均有钻孔置管外引流的必要性。扫除规范:①因颅内动脉瘤、动静脉变形、颅底血管变形等血管性疾病脑室内出血;②术前双侧瞳孔散大固定、深昏倒,呼吸和(或)循环反常无法纠正,脑干功用衰竭;③凝血机制妨碍,伴有严峻的出血倾向,如血友病等;④清晰的颅内动脉及动静脉变形引起的血肿;⑤患者回绝手术医治。

1.3 分组办法

归纳现在国内宣布文章和专著,现在脑室内尿激酶剂量运用规模为10 000~50 000 U/次,运用频率1~2次/24 h,脑室内保存时刻1~4 h,结合尿激酶药效浓度和作用时刻,建立不同的医治组。根据患者具体状况判别是否归入本研讨,归入后随机分配入不同医治组(表1)。

1.4 手术医治及尿激酶运用计划施行

患者入院后完善病例材料和查看并即予以甘露醇、呋塞米脱水及操控血压、坚持呼吸道晓畅等对症医治,备皮,消毒,并根据头颅CT参阅定位,部分麻醉或气管插管全身麻醉成功后走双侧额骨、颅骨钻孔,沿着侧脑室额角穿刺方向刺进直径为12~14号多孔硅胶管,刺进深度6~8 cm,可见缓慢放出血性脑脊液,外接无菌引瓶置于枕旁,硅胶管另一端接有三通开关的灭菌引流袋,引流管高度平行脑室外引流,放置颅内压探头。术后调查12 h,复查头颅CT清晰引流方位、脑室内出血状况及脑室剩下积血状况。断定病况无显着恶化后,断定引流管晓畅,根据计划设计经引流管注入不同剂量的尿激酶(天津生化,批号:041404032),并用5 ml生理盐水稀释,夹管不同作用时刻,履行不同灌洗频率。医治进程亲近注重患者神志、瞳孔和肢体活动等临床表现,留意颅内压(ICP)监测仪数值改动,合作脱水、操控血压、养分神经以及防治并发症等处理,头颅CT扫描。预备拔除脑室外引流管前先夹闭引流,调查24 h,调查引流量和引出脑脊液色彩状况,证明临床症状无恶化且继续好转、无颅内高压征,予以拔出。

1.5 作用评价

①头颅CT复查:一般尽或许安排1~2 d复查头颅CT,动态调查脑室内血肿量改动。②记载患者从灌洗到CT复查发现血肿消失的时刻。③选用日常日子能力(ADL)分级法判别患者灌洗术后24 h、2周、3个月的作用。ADL分级为Ⅰ级:彻底康复日常日子;Ⅱ级:部分康复或可独立日子;Ⅲ级:需人协助,扶拐行走;Ⅳ级:卧床,但认识清楚;Ⅴ级:植物状况。④GOS评分:相同取灌洗术后24 h、2周、3个月3个时刻点进行GOS评分。GOS评分5分:康复杰出;4分:轻度残疾;3分:重度残疾;2分:植物状况;1分:逝世。⑤记载术后6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、3 d、4 d、5 d的ICP监测值。

1.6 计算学处理

选用SPSS 21.0计算软件对数据进行剖析和处理,计量材料以x±s标明,选用方差剖析,以P<0.05为差异有计算学含义。

2 成果

2.1 术后随访成果

本组病例共归入52例患者,术后ICP监测值不同程度下降,术后3个月时,GOS评分5分14例,4分23例,3分15例;ADL分级Ⅰ级14例,Ⅱ级23例,Ⅲ级14例,Ⅳ级1例。

2.2 各组术后纷歧起刻ADL评分的比较

跟着术后时刻延伸,医治组八的ADL评分显着下降;术后2周~术后3个月,医治组四~八的ADL评分较对照组低(图1)。

3 评论

脑室内出血是指因为非外伤要素所导致的颅内血管决裂,血液进入脑室体系而引起的归纳征,发病率占自发颅内出血的20%~60%[4]。高血压性脑室内出血是自发性脑室出血的主要原因,常继发于脑深部血肿或脑内巨大血肿,常常急性危重起病,因为脑内血肿压榨、丘脑下部及脑干受压损害、血性脑脊液影响、急性梗阻性脑积水发作、ICP急剧升高、脑深部结构遭受损坏等,其逝世率高,尤其是脑室内铸型出血及恶性颅内高压,使病况恶化,乃至逝世[1,5-6]。有研讨标明,高血压脑出血的预后与脑室扩展程度、出血量和ICP升高均有必定相关[7]。因而,及时铲除脑室内血块,尽早下降脑室内压和ICP,是高血压性脑室内出血抢救成功的要害[8]。高血压脑室内出血往往影响脑脊液通路,前期呈现脑室内压升高,并且,脑室内血块在溶解进程中发作炎症介质易引起大脑皮质外表动脉及基底动脉广泛痉挛,影响脑室周围的脑安排,呈现血肿周围的脑水肿,加剧颅高压,导致病况恶化[9],所以单靠药物医治往往很难见效。有学者提出,前期脑室扩张的原因在于脑室内血凝块的占位效应,而后期(2~3周后)主要是因为脑脊液吸收妨碍所导致,前期脑室扩张引起的室管膜损害、室管膜下角质增生,血凝块降解开释产品开释的因子协同作用,使脑室周围安排的顺应性下降,促进脑室扩张的恶化[10]。现在医治高血压性脑室内出血的办法主要有开颅血肿铲除、单纯脑室内置管外引流等手术办法,近年来神经内镜也运用于脑室内血肿铲除手术中[11],不同手术办法有不同习惯证和并发症。

单纯脑室外引流是医治高血压脑出血的规范办法,引流可赶快铲除脑室内积血,削减血肿分化产品,削减其对脑安排的毒性作用,有助于减轻和防止脑血管痉挛[12]。单纯脑室外引流并不能促进血凝块溶解,或许存在凝血块阻塞引流管、ICP操控不抱负、感染等问题[13-15]。脑室内出血一般血肿吸收需求3周左右的时刻,治作用果欠安,病死率高达60%~90%[16]。脑室外引流时刻的延伸和血凝块降解产品开释的相关因子或许引起脑室炎症的发作[17]。有研讨标明,纤溶医治能够下降引流管阻塞的发作率并缩短脑室体系的澄清时刻,脑室内给予尿激酶能加速脑室体系凝血块溶解,有用下降ICP,有利于防止蛛网膜颗粒的机化粘连,阻挠交通性脑积水的发作[8,18-20],这为前期医治脑室内出血供给了有力的根据,将脑室外引流和尿激酶联合运用,不只能够下降ICP,还能够有用溶解血块,敏捷康复脑脊液循环通路。

现在关于尿激酶在高血压脑叶血肿运用剂量、运用时刻和频率以及作用均有比较一致的规则,可是关于尿激酶在脑室内出血运用战略及作用并没有一致规范,且在运用办法上存在必定争议[3,16,21]。一起,因为尿激酶能添加纤溶酶活性,下降血液循环中未结合型纤溶酶原和与纤维蛋白结合的纤溶酶原,或许呈现严峻的出血风险[22]。术后均在CT复查无再发出血及出血安稳后运用。在注入尿激酶灌洗时,动作要缓慢轻柔,注入后要亲近调查认识及瞳孔的改动,留意ICP监测的数值改动;灌注尿激酶后夹管期间要亲近调查病况改动,做好心电监护和血氧监测,留意有无ICP增高的现象,如有显着改动应及时敞开引流;敞开引流时应逐渐铺开,确保ICP相对平稳缓慢地下降,防止ICP动摇过大构成脑室陷落,引起继发性出血。若夹管进程中或引流进程中呈现进行性认识妨碍、呼吸心跳功用改动,提示患者或许发作急性ICP增高。前期ICP增高患者常表现为烦躁不安、头痛、头晕,可伴有吐逆,心电监护提示患者呼吸加深加速,血压俄然升高,特别是收缩压的俄然增高;ICP增高后期反而呈现心率减缓,乃至<60/min,呼吸深慢<16/min,血压、体温显着升高,提示颅内再出血的发作和脑疝的构成。因而,在ICP增高的整个医治进程傍边,都应时刻留意ICP的改动,有条件的状况下主张运用ICP监测。在尿激酶灌注时,如发现ICP增高的现象,应提早缓慢逐渐敞开引流管;在单纯脑室灌注引流医治时,如发现引流管液面动摇改动,应留意是否有引流不畅的发作,及时处理。一起,肺部感染、急性肾衰竭、应激性溃疡、弥散性血管内凝血等相关一系列并发症往往与脑室内出血相伴发作,临床医生应引起注重;术后患者卧床期间在确保卧床歇息的一起,需求特别留意患者肢体的活动和护理,长时刻卧床的患者要留意下肢深静脉血栓的发作,避免前功尽弃。

本研讨成果显现,必定规模内较大时刻剂量医治计划患者的预后具有有利的作用;GOS评分成果的改动与ADL评分类似,短时刻内的作用或许不容易发觉,术后至3个月随访时刻内,在必定规模内较大时刻剂量尿激酶的运用有利于高血压脑室内出血患者的术后康复,与相关研讨成果相同[8,18-20];ICP监测相关于ADL评分和GOS评分在患者住院医治期间(颅内高压期)或许更具有指导含义,相同,在有条件的单位运用尿激酶医治脑室内出血时应尽量选用ICP监测;脑功用在脑室内出血压榨状况下,尽管引流手术和尿激酶医治能敏捷缓解症状,短期内的ADL评分和GOS评分不必定会敏捷改进,但从久远来看,尿激酶和引流术的合作存在显着优势,对改进患者的预后有较大协助,值得发起。本研讨所选用最大剂量的医治组七、八在术后6~12 h的ICP下降速度相对较快,仍在5~15 mm Hg规模内,提示在临床工作中需求特别注重尿激酶运用之后的亲近监护,颅内高压得不到及时缓解不利于术后康复,但过快的ICP下降所引起的不利要素也是临床医生应该注重的[22]。

ICP监测下尿激酶脑室内灌洗对高血压脑出血脑室内血肿的治作用果显着,操作简洁、伤口小、安全有用,高血压脑出血患者出血状况安稳之后,前期运用尿激酶医治有助于预后改进,愈加合理的医治计划需求更多的临床病例支撑。

4 缺乏与展望

①本研讨的时刻跨度较短,随访时刻相对缺乏,最短随访病例只要3个月,尽管临床作用较好,但更长时刻的随访病例将更具有说服力;②本研讨相对保存、谨慎,严厉依照归入规范和扫除规范进行,研讨成果关于动脉瘤决裂出血破入脑室、脑干功用衰竭、严峻的出血倾向以及其他危重病患者并不适用;③出于大剂量尿激酶运用的安全性考虑,惯例放置ICP监测探头,视患者状况术后12~24 h均由手术医生监护,研讨成果与未行ICP监测的研讨或许有所不同;④本研讨的病例数有限(共52例),剖析时将尿激酶的剂量、每日运用次数、夹管时刻三个操控要素作为单一变量进行剖析,至文章宣布前,只能证明医治组八在本研讨中具有杰出的临床价值,后续的研讨工作已在进行中,待必定病例数量时将剖析这三个操控要素之间的相互联系。

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[6] Fountas KN,Kapsalaki EZ,Parish DC,et al.Intraventricular administration of rt-PA in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage[J].South Med J,2005,98(8):767-773.

[7] Mayfrank L,Lippitz B,Groth M,et al.Effect of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator on clot lysis and ventricular dilatation in the treatment of severe intraventricular haemorrhage[J].Acta Neurochir(Wien),1993,122(1-2):32-38.

[8] Naff NJ,Hanley DF,Keyl PM,et al.Intraventricular thrombolysis speeds blood clot resolution:results of a pilot,prospective,randomized,double-blind,controlled trial[J].Neurosurgery,2004,54(3):577-584.

[9] Stemer A,Ouyang B,Lee VH,et al.Prevalence and risk factors for multiple simultaneous intracerebral hemorrhages[J].Cerebrovasc Dis,2010,30(3):302-307.

[10] Todo T,Usui M,Takakura K.Treatment of severe intraventricular hemorrhage by intraventricular infusion of urokinase[J].J Neurosurg,1991,74(1):81-86.

[11] Hamada H,Hayashi N,Kurimoto M,et al.Neuroendoscopic removal of intraventricular hemorrhage combined with hydrocephalus[J].Minim Invasive Neurosurg,2008,51(6):345-349.

[12] Kim YZ,Kim KH.Even in patients with a small hemorrhagic volume,stereotactic-guided evacuation of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage improves functional outcome[J].J Korean Neurosurg Soc,2009,46(2):109-115.

[13] Mohr G,Ferguson G,Khan M,et al.Intraventricular hemorrhage from ruptured aneurysm:Retrospective analysis of 91 cases[J].J Neurosurg,1983,58(4):482-487.

[14] Little J,Blomquist Jr G,Ethier R.Intraventricular hemorrhage in adults[J].Surg Neurol,1977,8(3):143-149.

[15] Kanno T,Nagata J,Nonomura K,et al.New approaches in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Stroke,1993,24(12 Suppl): I96-I100.

[16] 张建党,周汉光,刘睿.58例高血压脑室内出血医治领会[J].中华神经外科杂志,2004,19(3):173.

[17] Leung G,Ng K,Taw B,et al.Extended subcutaneous tunnelling technique for external ventricular drainage[J].British J Neurosurg,2007,21(4):359-364.

[18] Coplin WM,Vinas FC,Agris JM,et al.A cohort study of the safety and feasibility of intraventricular urokinase for nonaneurysmal spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage[J].Stroke,1998,29(8):1573-1579.

[19] Naff NJ,Carhuapoma JR,Williams MA,et al.Treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage with urokinase effects on 30-day survival[J].Stroke,2000,31(4):841-847.

[20] Usui M,Saito N,Hoya K,et al.Vasospasm prevention with postoperative intrathecal thrombolytic therapy:a retrospective comparison of urokinase,tissue plasminogen activator,and cisternal drainage alone[J].Neurosurgery,1994, 34(2):235-245.

[21] Andrews CO,Engelhard HH.Fibrinolytic therapy in intraventricular hemorrhage[J].Ann Pharmacother,2001,35(11):1435-1448.

[22] Schwarz S,Schwab S,Steiner HH,et al.Secondary hemorrhage after intraventricular fibrinolysis:a cautionary note:a report of two cases[J].Neurosurgery,1998,42(3):659-663.

(收稿日期:2014-10-16 本文修改:李亚聪)

[4] 王忠实.王忠实神经外科学[M].武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,2005.

[5] Stein M,Luecke M,Preuss M,et al.Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular extension and the grading of obstructive hydrocephalus:the prediction of outcome of a special life-threatening entity[J].Neurosurgery,2010,67(5):1243-1252.

[6] Fountas KN,Kapsalaki EZ,Parish DC,et al.Intraventricular administration of rt-PA in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage[J].South Med J,2005,98(8):767-773.

[7] Mayfrank L,Lippitz B,Groth M,et al.Effect of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator on clot lysis and ventricular dilatation in the treatment of severe intraventricular haemorrhage[J].Acta Neurochir(Wien),1993,122(1-2):32-38.

[8] Naff NJ,Hanley DF,Keyl PM,et al.Intraventricular thrombolysis speeds blood clot resolution:results of a pilot,prospective,randomized,double-blind,controlled trial[J].Neurosurgery,2004,54(3):577-584.

[9] Stemer A,Ouyang B,Lee VH,et al.Prevalence and risk factors for multiple simultaneous intracerebral hemorrhages[J].Cerebrovasc Dis,2010,30(3):302-307.

[10] Todo T,Usui M,Takakura K.Treatment of severe intraventricular hemorrhage by intraventricular infusion of urokinase[J].J Neurosurg,1991,74(1):81-86.

[11] Hamada H,Hayashi N,Kurimoto M,et al.Neuroendoscopic removal of intraventricular hemorrhage combined with hydrocephalus[J].Minim Invasive Neurosurg,2008,51(6):345-349.

[12] Kim YZ,Kim KH.Even in patients with a small hemorrhagic volume,stereotactic-guided evacuation of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage improves functional outcome[J].J Korean Neurosurg Soc,2009,46(2):109-115.

[13] Mohr G,Ferguson G,Khan M,et al.Intraventricular hemorrhage from ruptured aneurysm:Retrospective analysis of 91 cases[J].J Neurosurg,1983,58(4):482-487.

[14] Little J,Blomquist Jr G,Ethier R.Intraventricular hemorrhage in adults[J].Surg Neurol,1977,8(3):143-149.

[15] Kanno T,Nagata J,Nonomura K,et al.New approaches in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Stroke,1993,24(12 Suppl): I96-I100.

[16] 张建党,周汉光,刘睿.58例高血压脑室内出血医治领会[J].中华神经外科杂志,2004,19(3):173.

[17] Leung G,Ng K,Taw B,et al.Extended subcutaneous tunnelling technique for external ventricular drainage[J].British J Neurosurg,2007,21(4):359-364.

[18] Coplin WM,Vinas FC,Agris JM,et al.A cohort study of the safety and feasibility of intraventricular urokinase for nonaneurysmal spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage[J].Stroke,1998,29(8):1573-1579.

[19] Naff NJ,Carhuapoma JR,Williams MA,et al.Treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage with urokinase effects on 30-day survival[J].Stroke,2000,31(4):841-847.

[20] Usui M,Saito N,Hoya K,et al.Vasospasm prevention with postoperative intrathecal thrombolytic therapy:a retrospective comparison of urokinase,tissue plasminogen activator,and cisternal drainage alone[J].Neurosurgery,1994, 34(2):235-245.

[21] Andrews CO,Engelhard HH.Fibrinolytic therapy in intraventricular hemorrhage[J].Ann Pharmacother,2001,35(11):1435-1448.

[22] Schwarz S,Schwab S,Steiner HH,et al.Secondary hemorrhage after intraventricular fibrinolysis:a cautionary note:a report of two cases[J].Neurosurgery,1998,42(3):659-663.

(收稿日期:2014-10-16 本文修改:李亚聪)

[4] 王忠实.王忠实神经外科学[M].武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,2005.

[5] Stein M,Luecke M,Preuss M,et al.Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular extension and the grading of obstructive hydrocephalus:the prediction of outcome of a special life-threatening entity[J].Neurosurgery,2010,67(5):1243-1252.

[6] Fountas KN,Kapsalaki EZ,Parish DC,et al.Intraventricular administration of rt-PA in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage[J].South Med J,2005,98(8):767-773.

[7] Mayfrank L,Lippitz B,Groth M,et al.Effect of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator on clot lysis and ventricular dilatation in the treatment of severe intraventricular haemorrhage[J].Acta Neurochir(Wien),1993,122(1-2):32-38.

[8] Naff NJ,Hanley DF,Keyl PM,et al.Intraventricular thrombolysis speeds blood clot resolution:results of a pilot,prospective,randomized,double-blind,controlled trial[J].Neurosurgery,2004,54(3):577-584.

[9] Stemer A,Ouyang B,Lee VH,et al.Prevalence and risk factors for multiple simultaneous intracerebral hemorrhages[J].Cerebrovasc Dis,2010,30(3):302-307.

[10] Todo T,Usui M,Takakura K.Treatment of severe intraventricular hemorrhage by intraventricular infusion of urokinase[J].J Neurosurg,1991,74(1):81-86.

[11] Hamada H,Hayashi N,Kurimoto M,et al.Neuroendoscopic removal of intraventricular hemorrhage combined with hydrocephalus[J].Minim Invasive Neurosurg,2008,51(6):345-349.

[12] Kim YZ,Kim KH.Even in patients with a small hemorrhagic volume,stereotactic-guided evacuation of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage improves functional outcome[J].J Korean Neurosurg Soc,2009,46(2):109-115.

[13] Mohr G,Ferguson G,Khan M,et al.Intraventricular hemorrhage from ruptured aneurysm:Retrospective analysis of 91 cases[J].J Neurosurg,1983,58(4):482-487.

[14] Little J,Blomquist Jr G,Ethier R.Intraventricular hemorrhage in adults[J].Surg Neurol,1977,8(3):143-149.

[15] Kanno T,Nagata J,Nonomura K,et al.New approaches in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Stroke,1993,24(12 Suppl): I96-I100.

[16] 张建党,周汉光,刘睿.58例高血压脑室内出血医治领会[J].中华神经外科杂志,2004,19(3):173.

[17] Leung G,Ng K,Taw B,et al.Extended subcutaneous tunnelling technique for external ventricular drainage[J].British J Neurosurg,2007,21(4):359-364.

[18] Coplin WM,Vinas FC,Agris JM,et al.A cohort study of the safety and feasibility of intraventricular urokinase for nonaneurysmal spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage[J].Stroke,1998,29(8):1573-1579.

[19] Naff NJ,Carhuapoma JR,Williams MA,et al.Treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage with urokinase effects on 30-day survival[J].Stroke,2000,31(4):841-847.

[20] Usui M,Saito N,Hoya K,et al.Vasospasm prevention with postoperative intrathecal thrombolytic therapy:a retrospective comparison of urokinase,tissue plasminogen activator,and cisternal drainage alone[J].Neurosurgery,1994, 34(2):235-245.

[21] Andrews CO,Engelhard HH.Fibrinolytic therapy in intraventricular hemorrhage[J].Ann Pharmacother,2001,35(11):1435-1448.

[22] Schwarz S,Schwab S,Steiner HH,et al.Secondary hemorrhage after intraventricular fibrinolysis:a cautionary note:a report of two cases[J].Neurosurgery,1998,42(3):659-663.

(收稿日期:2014-10-16 本文修改:李亚聪)

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