乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术:前哨淋巴结活检术在单侧多发乳腺癌中的可行性研究
冯令军
[摘要] 意图 研讨前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node, SLN)活检术(SLN biopsy, SLNB)对单侧多发乳腺癌(multiple synchronous tumor, MST)患者腋窝淋巴结状况判别的可行性。 办法 在23例确诊单侧多发乳腺癌患者术中行SLNB,一切患者均行乳腺癌改进彻底治愈术,如患者回绝或许两病灶坐落乳房同一象限,改行保乳加腋窝淋巴结打扫术(axillary lymphnode dissection, ALND)。术中不送检SLN,ALND后由手术医生别离出SLN送检。术后对悉数淋巴结行接连切片病理查看。 成果 23例患者有21例完结前哨淋巴结活检术,成功率91.3%。SLN猜测腋窝淋巴结状况的假阴性率、灵敏度、精确率分别为15.4%,84.6%,90.5%。 定论 SLNB假阴性率高,不推荐在单侧多发乳腺癌患者中施行前哨淋巴结活检。
[关键词] 单侧;多发;乳腺癌;前哨淋巴结;腋窝淋巴结打扫
[中图分类号] R737.9 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2014)29-0152-03
A feasibility study of sentinel lymph node biopsy in preoperatively diagnosed multiple unilateral synchronous breast cancers
FENG Lingjun
Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Weifang 261031, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the feasibility of SLNB for predicting the status of axillary lymph node and determining the extent of axillary dissection in preoperatively diagnosed multiple unilateral synchronous breast cancers. Methods A total of 23 MST patients of clinical negative axillae diagnosed by core needle biopsy were studied. SLN was localized by injecting methylene blue. No intraoperative pathological examination. All patients with MST were eligible for initial breast surgery(radical modified mastectomy or conservative surgery+ALND). To choose radical modified mastectomy unless MST was limited to two foci in the same quadrant or patients opposition for total mastectomy). Sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) were submitted to pathological doctor after ALND. All lymph nodes were valuated pathologically after operation. Results Of 23 patients, 21 cases were assessable. The SLNB-identified rate was 91.3%. The false-negative rate (FNR) was 15.4%, the accuracy rate was 90.5%, and the sensitivity was 84.6%. Conclusion With a high FNR,we do not recommend SLNB as a routine procedure for MST.
[Key words] Multifocal; Unilateral; Breast cancer; Sentinel node; Axillary lymphnode dissection
前哨淋巴结活检术(sentinel lymph node biopsy, SLNB)始于1994年,由Krag 及Giuliano最早报导[1,2],已被证明可代替腋窝淋巴打扫术(axillary lymphnode dissection,ALND),具有高精确性、低假阴性、低死亡率、低腋窝复发率等长处[3,4]。现在SLNB的习惯证是前期滋润性肿瘤、且腋淋巴结临床评价为阴性的乳腺癌患者,禁忌证是炎性乳癌患者、临床腋窝淋巴结评价为N2期的患者。可是,关于SLNB的研讨多局限于单发乳腺癌患者,多发乳腺癌(multiple synchronous tumor,MST )患者往往被扫除于研讨之外,因而对多发乳腺癌患者是否可以运用SLNB代替ALND含义不清晰,本文即以此为契点进行研讨,评价术前证明MST患者行SLNB的精确性及可行性。
1 资料与办法
1.1 临床资料
当选患者均为可手术的多发乳腺癌患者,所谓多发指术前经临床和/或印象学证明同一象限或许不同象限呈现两个或许更多的肿块。术前一切患者均行乳房钼靶照相术及超声查看,必要时行磁共振查看。细针穿刺活检证明MST确诊。一切患者均采纳乳腺癌改进彻底治愈术,除非患者回绝或许两病灶坐落乳房同一象限,改行保乳手术加腋窝淋巴结打扫术。非滋润癌、炎性乳癌、临床腋窝淋巴结(N1)、既往曾乳腺手术或曾承受肿瘤医治者、手术后经病理学证明MST、妊娠者不在本研讨之列。endprint
本研讨共归入2008年8月~2013年9月我院及协作医院收治的23例契合当选规范的患者,均匀年纪(54.3±11.9)岁,中位年纪54.8岁。其间根据MRI清晰确诊患者16例,根据其他查看办法清晰确诊患者7例;清晰确诊后走乳腺癌改进彻底治愈术患者20例,余3例行保乳+腋窝淋巴结打扫术;术前超声丈量肿瘤直径< 20 mm 患者合计17例,≥ 20 mm者6例;术后经病理证明肿瘤数量为2个者15例,3个者7例,还有1例患者肿瘤数量证明为4个;术后证明最大肿瘤巨细< 20 mm 患者15例,≥20 mm者8例;总肿瘤巨细< 20 mm者 5例,≥20 mm者18例;16例患者术后病理类型显现为导管癌,6例患者为小叶癌,1例患者为髓样癌。
1.2 淋巴结示踪技能
1.2.1 淋巴示踪资料 选用江苏济川制药厂出产的1%亚甲蓝打针液(美蓝)。批准文号:苏卫药准字(1989)第216102号。规范:2 mL:20 mg。
1.2.2 SLN的定位活检办法 患者平卧,患侧上肢外展90°,惯例消毒铺巾,选用乳晕下打针亚甲蓝 2 mL示踪,打针后对部分稍加压按摩,静待10~15 min后,于手术外弧线切开近腋处,锐性游离皮瓣,在胸大肌外缘与胸壁交界处,钝性别离腋深部软安排,寻觅蓝染的淋巴管,钝性别离并解剖出蓝染的淋巴结(中多名手术医生一起断定,术中术者以肉眼辨别出蓝染淋巴结,以为前哨淋巴结寻觅成功,术中未找到蓝染淋巴结,不管术后在腋窝安排的标本中是否找到蓝染淋巴结,均以为寻觅失利;术中找到蓝染淋巴管,但未找到蓝染淋巴结者也以为寻觅失利)。SLNB后,一切患者均行Ⅰ~Ⅱ级淋巴结打扫术。术后对一切腋窝淋巴结(包含SLN)做接连白腊切片病理查看。
1.2.3病理学剖析 术中不送检病理。ALND后由手术医生别离出SLN送检。一切打扫淋巴结均送检,接连切片,白腊包埋。其间SLN接连切片6张,切片距离150 μm。检测时除HE染色外还行免疫组化染色。非SLN行HE染色,未行免疫组化染色。病理陈述包含腋窝前哨淋巴结数量,总淋巴结数量及搬运灶(>2 mm)、微搬运灶(0.2~2 mm)、孤立肿瘤细胞数量(<0.2 mm),运用AJC肿瘤分期规范。术中切除的乳房浸泡固定于10%福尔马林溶液中,接连切片,距离1.0 cm。触诊或印象学高度可疑多病灶患者,根据肿瘤数量、肿瘤间有无正常安排进一步确诊。
1.3 统计学办法
参照美国Louisville大学规范[5]核算,检出率= SLN检出例数/施行SLN检测一切例数×100%,精确率=(SLN真阳性+真阴性例数)/SLN活检总例数×100%,灵敏度=SLN真阳性/(真阳性+假阴性)×100%,假阴性率=SLN假阴性/(真阳性+假阴性)×100%,阴性猜测值=真阴性/(真阴性+假阴性)。剖析的单位为病例数而非切除的淋巴结数。精确率、灵敏度、假阴性率、阴性猜测值及其95%可信区间(95% confidence intervals,95%CIs)均按二项分布原理核算。
2 成果
2.1 SLN检出率
23例患者中21例完结SLNB,成功率 91.3%,2例未完结者均行腋窝淋巴结打扫术,其间1例患者术中及术后病理检出多于3枚搬运淋巴结。1例患者未检出搬运淋巴结。前哨淋巴结均匀检出数为2.5枚(1~7,±1.3),腋窝淋巴结打扫术证明均匀淋巴结搬运数为11.7枚(1~35,±6.2)。
2.2 SLNB病理学成果及含义
SLNB及ALND成果见图1。
图1 多发乳腺癌患者SLNB成果示意图
由图1可知,不管腋窝淋巴结打扫仍是前哨淋巴结活检至少1枚淋巴结阳性的患者数占总活检人数的60.9 %(14/23),其间11例经前哨淋巴结活检证明。前哨淋巴结阳性的患者中,5例腋窝淋巴结打扫术证明多枚淋巴结搬运(5/11,45.5%)。前哨淋巴结活检未见异常的10例患者中,2例腋窝淋巴结打扫证明至少1枚淋巴结受侵略。假阴性率为2/13,15.4 %(95%CIs 为2%~45%),灵敏率 11/13,84.6%(95%CIs为55%~98%),阴性猜测值为 8/10,80%(95%CIs为44%- 97%),精确率为19/21,90.5%(95%CIs为70%~99%)。SLN阳性的11例患者中,7例患者(63.6%)搬运灶>2 mm,3例患者发现微搬运灶(27.3%),剩下1例患者孤立肿瘤细胞阳性(9.1%)。
3 评论
乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)是乳腺外科范畴的一个里程碑式的发展。乳腺癌的前哨淋巴结是指坐落乳腺癌淋巴引流途径上距引流区域最近的淋巴结,因而当乳腺癌发作淋巴搬运时,前哨淋巴结将是第一个包含搬运灶的淋巴结,然后再引流到下一站淋巴结。其包含2个含义:一是前哨淋巴结为第一个受癌细胞侵袭的淋巴结;二是前哨淋巴结的病理状况可精确猜测该区域其他淋巴结的病理状况,尤其是前哨淋巴结阴性时可扫除其淋巴引流区域其他淋巴结的癌搬运。可是前哨淋巴结阴性时,该肿瘤淋巴引流区域的其他淋巴结可有癌搬运,而这种现象是稀有的,在前期肿瘤其发作率更低。
现代研讨普遍以为单病灶乳腺滋润性癌患者行SLNB可代替惯例ALND[3,6-8],可是对多发癌肿患者,SLNB的运用研讨甚少,绝大部分研讨当选规范即在外多发患者。既往研讨以为不同象限的肿瘤引流至不同淋巴结[9]。最近几年的研讨发现,不同象限肿瘤可能引流至同一淋巴结[10,11]。现在对多发乳腺癌患者,SLNB研讨含义尚不清晰,未列入习惯证或许禁忌证中。关于多发癌肿患者能否行SLNB代替ALND,各项研讨定见纷歧,是乳癌医治的研讨热门之一。本研讨即着眼于此,企图进一步清晰SLNB对多发乳腺癌患者有无临床含义,能否代替ALND,以削减患者苦楚,进步生计质量。endprint
本研讨SLN检出率91.3%,这与国外研讨报导的岗兵淋巴结辨别成功率66%~98%相符[12],剖析本研讨不能彻底检出前哨淋巴结的原因可能在于前期推注美蓝力气把握不行,形成疏松的后空隙大片蓝染,致使前哨淋巴结不能检出,这也反映了把握此项技能的正常学习曲线。一起50岁以上妇女淋巴管功用退化,吸收转运功用差,淋巴结内的淋巴安排被脂肪安排所代替,淋巴结内网状内皮细胞的吞噬功用和机械屏障削弱,削减其对染料的停留,然后影响前哨淋巴结的检出率[13,14]。
SLN活检技能的可行性是建立在SLN猜测腋窝淋巴结搬运状况的灵敏性大于85%,假阴性率低于15%的基础上的[15]。咱们的研讨发现,多发乳腺癌患者淋巴结阳性率为60.9%,这与其他多发乳腺癌患者淋巴结阳性率文献报导相符[16],但多发乳腺癌患者行SLNB,其FNR达15.4%。与单发乳腺癌患者SLN猜测淋巴结搬运比较,本研讨猜测淋巴结搬运状况的灵敏性、精确性下降,而假阴性率增高,阴性猜测的精确性下降,而SLN假阴性成果会导致过错的医治计划,有可能发生严峻的不良后果,因而,不推荐在多发乳腺癌患者中施行SLNB。本研讨进一步清晰了SLNB的临床习惯证不该包含多发乳腺癌患者。
综上,虽然多发性乳腺癌患者行SLNB微创,但其假阴性率较高,易形成漏诊、误诊,因而不推荐在多发乳腺癌患者中施行SLNB代替ALND。
[参考文献]
[1] Krag DN,Weaver DL,Alex JC,et al. Surgical resection and radiolocalization of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer using a gamma probe[J]. Surg Oncol,1993,2(6): 335-339.
[2] Giuliano AE,Kirgan DM,Guenther JM,et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer[J].Ann Surg,1994,220(3):391-398.
[3] Gary H L,Sarah T,Stephen BE,et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with early-stage breast cancer: American society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline update[J]. J Clin Oncol,2014,32(13):1365-1383.
[4] Electra DP,Julie AD,Jill MO,et al. Cancer-related lymphedema risk factors,diagnosis,treatment,and impact:A review[J]. J Clin Oncol,2012,30(30):3726-3733.
[5] 尉承泽. 乳腺癌岗兵淋巴结检测[J]. 国外医学:肿瘤学分册,2003,30(2):104-106.
[6] Giard S,Chauvet MP,Penel N,et al. Feasibility of sentinel lymph node biopsy in multiple unilateral synchronous breast cancer: results of a French prospective multi-institutional study(IGASSU 0502)[J]. Ann Oncol,2010,21(8):1630-1635.
[7] White V,Harvey JR,Griffith CDM,et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in early breast cancer surgery-Working with the risks of vital blue dye to reap the benefits[J]. Eur J Surg Onc ,2011,37(2):101-108.
[8] Belinda Y,Nicholas CT,Alison J. An update on the medical management of breast cancer[J]. BMJ,2014,348:3608.
[9] Elif H,David G,Isabelle BR,et al. The sentinel node procedure in breast ccancer: Nuclear medicine as the starting point[J]. J Nucl Med,2011,52(3):405-414.
[10] Bernsdorf M,Berthelsen AK,Wielenga VT,et al. Preoperative PET/CT in early-stage breast cancer[J]. Ann Oncol,2012,23(9):2277-2282.
[11] Moody LC,Wen X,McKnight T,et al Indications for sentinel lymph node biopsy in multifocal and multicentric breast cancer[J]. Surg,2012,152(3):389-396.
[12] Christoph H,Holger E,Leila K,et al. An experimental study to evaluate the fluobeam 800 imaging system for fluorescence-guided lymphatic imaging and sentinel node biopsy[J]. Surg Innov, 2013,20(5): 516-523.
[13] Kang SS,Han BK,Ko EY,et al. Methylene blue dye-related changes in the breast after sentinel lymph node localization[J]. J Ultra Med,2011,30(12):1711-1721.
[14] Hye SA,Sun MK,Mijung J,et al. Comparison of sonography with sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy and core-needle biopsy for initial axillary stsaging of breast cancer[J]. J Ultra Med,2013,32(12):2177-2184.
[15] 张保宁,白月奎,陈世界,等. 乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的临床含义[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志,2000,22(5):395-397.
[16] Moghimi1 M,Ghoddosi1 I,Rahimabadi1 AE,et al. Accuracy of sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer patients with a high prevalence of axillary metastases[J]. Scan J of Surg,2009,98(1):30-33.
(收稿日期:2014-06-09)endprint
本研讨SLN检出率91.3%,这与国外研讨报导的岗兵淋巴结辨别成功率66%~98%相符[12],剖析本研讨不能彻底检出前哨淋巴结的原因可能在于前期推注美蓝力气把握不行,形成疏松的后空隙大片蓝染,致使前哨淋巴结不能检出,这也反映了把握此项技能的正常学习曲线。一起50岁以上妇女淋巴管功用退化,吸收转运功用差,淋巴结内的淋巴安排被脂肪安排所代替,淋巴结内网状内皮细胞的吞噬功用和机械屏障削弱,削减其对染料的停留,然后影响前哨淋巴结的检出率[13,14]。
SLN活检技能的可行性是建立在SLN猜测腋窝淋巴结搬运状况的灵敏性大于85%,假阴性率低于15%的基础上的[15]。咱们的研讨发现,多发乳腺癌患者淋巴结阳性率为60.9%,这与其他多发乳腺癌患者淋巴结阳性率文献报导相符[16],但多发乳腺癌患者行SLNB,其FNR达15.4%。与单发乳腺癌患者SLN猜测淋巴结搬运比较,本研讨猜测淋巴结搬运状况的灵敏性、精确性下降,而假阴性率增高,阴性猜测的精确性下降,而SLN假阴性成果会导致过错的医治计划,有可能发生严峻的不良后果,因而,不推荐在多发乳腺癌患者中施行SLNB。本研讨进一步清晰了SLNB的临床习惯证不该包含多发乳腺癌患者。
综上,虽然多发性乳腺癌患者行SLNB微创,但其假阴性率较高,易形成漏诊、误诊,因而不推荐在多发乳腺癌患者中施行SLNB代替ALND。
[参考文献]
[1] Krag DN,Weaver DL,Alex JC,et al. Surgical resection and radiolocalization of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer using a gamma probe[J]. Surg Oncol,1993,2(6): 335-339.
[2] Giuliano AE,Kirgan DM,Guenther JM,et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer[J].Ann Surg,1994,220(3):391-398.
[3] Gary H L,Sarah T,Stephen BE,et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with early-stage breast cancer: American society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline update[J]. J Clin Oncol,2014,32(13):1365-1383.
[4] Electra DP,Julie AD,Jill MO,et al. Cancer-related lymphedema risk factors,diagnosis,treatment,and impact:A review[J]. J Clin Oncol,2012,30(30):3726-3733.
[5] 尉承泽. 乳腺癌岗兵淋巴结检测[J]. 国外医学:肿瘤学分册,2003,30(2):104-106.
[6] Giard S,Chauvet MP,Penel N,et al. Feasibility of sentinel lymph node biopsy in multiple unilateral synchronous breast cancer: results of a French prospective multi-institutional study(IGASSU 0502)[J]. Ann Oncol,2010,21(8):1630-1635.
[7] White V,Harvey JR,Griffith CDM,et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in early breast cancer surgery-Working with the risks of vital blue dye to reap the benefits[J]. Eur J Surg Onc ,2011,37(2):101-108.
[8] Belinda Y,Nicholas CT,Alison J. An update on the medical management of breast cancer[J]. BMJ,2014,348:3608.
[9] Elif H,David G,Isabelle BR,et al. The sentinel node procedure in breast ccancer: Nuclear medicine as the starting point[J]. J Nucl Med,2011,52(3):405-414.
[10] Bernsdorf M,Berthelsen AK,Wielenga VT,et al. Preoperative PET/CT in early-stage breast cancer[J]. Ann Oncol,2012,23(9):2277-2282.
[11] Moody LC,Wen X,McKnight T,et al Indications for sentinel lymph node biopsy in multifocal and multicentric breast cancer[J]. Surg,2012,152(3):389-396.
[12] Christoph H,Holger E,Leila K,et al. An experimental study to evaluate the fluobeam 800 imaging system for fluorescence-guided lymphatic imaging and sentinel node biopsy[J]. Surg Innov, 2013,20(5): 516-523.
[13] Kang SS,Han BK,Ko EY,et al. Methylene blue dye-related changes in the breast after sentinel lymph node localization[J]. J Ultra Med,2011,30(12):1711-1721.
[14] Hye SA,Sun MK,Mijung J,et al. Comparison of sonography with sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy and core-needle biopsy for initial axillary stsaging of breast cancer[J]. J Ultra Med,2013,32(12):2177-2184.
[15] 张保宁,白月奎,陈世界,等. 乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的临床含义[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志,2000,22(5):395-397.
[16] Moghimi1 M,Ghoddosi1 I,Rahimabadi1 AE,et al. Accuracy of sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer patients with a high prevalence of axillary metastases[J]. Scan J of Surg,2009,98(1):30-33.
(收稿日期:2014-06-09)endprint
本研讨SLN检出率91.3%,这与国外研讨报导的岗兵淋巴结辨别成功率66%~98%相符[12],剖析本研讨不能彻底检出前哨淋巴结的原因可能在于前期推注美蓝力气把握不行,形成疏松的后空隙大片蓝染,致使前哨淋巴结不能检出,这也反映了把握此项技能的正常学习曲线。一起50岁以上妇女淋巴管功用退化,吸收转运功用差,淋巴结内的淋巴安排被脂肪安排所代替,淋巴结内网状内皮细胞的吞噬功用和机械屏障削弱,削减其对染料的停留,然后影响前哨淋巴结的检出率[13,14]。
SLN活检技能的可行性是建立在SLN猜测腋窝淋巴结搬运状况的灵敏性大于85%,假阴性率低于15%的基础上的[15]。咱们的研讨发现,多发乳腺癌患者淋巴结阳性率为60.9%,这与其他多发乳腺癌患者淋巴结阳性率文献报导相符[16],但多发乳腺癌患者行SLNB,其FNR达15.4%。与单发乳腺癌患者SLN猜测淋巴结搬运比较,本研讨猜测淋巴结搬运状况的灵敏性、精确性下降,而假阴性率增高,阴性猜测的精确性下降,而SLN假阴性成果会导致过错的医治计划,有可能发生严峻的不良后果,因而,不推荐在多发乳腺癌患者中施行SLNB。本研讨进一步清晰了SLNB的临床习惯证不该包含多发乳腺癌患者。
综上,虽然多发性乳腺癌患者行SLNB微创,但其假阴性率较高,易形成漏诊、误诊,因而不推荐在多发乳腺癌患者中施行SLNB代替ALND。
[参考文献]
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[15] 张保宁,白月奎,陈世界,等. 乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的临床含义[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志,2000,22(5):395-397.
[16] Moghimi1 M,Ghoddosi1 I,Rahimabadi1 AE,et al. Accuracy of sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer patients with a high prevalence of axillary metastases[J]. Scan J of Surg,2009,98(1):30-33.
(收稿日期:2014-06-09)endprint
