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枕大池扩张 胎儿孤立型枕大池扩张的妊娠结局剖析

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林育娇++++++刘娟++++++钟进

[摘要]意图 评论胎儿孤立型枕大池扩张(IECM)的妊娠结局。办法 回忆性剖析2011年1月~2015年6月佛山市妇幼保健院确诊的胎儿IECM 48例(研讨组)及同期随机抽取的60例正常胎儿(对照组)的临床材料,一切婴幼儿均选用格塞尔发育量表对大运动才能、精密动作、适应才能、言语和社会行为进行点评,并点评其开展商数。成果 研讨组开展商数、大运动才能和适应才能方面的格塞尔发育值低于对照组,差异有统计学含义(P<0.05)。两组精密运动、言语和社会行为比较,差异无统计学含义(P>0.05)。研讨组组内男性大运动才能的格塞尔发育值高于女人,差异有统计学含义(P<0.05),其他4项发育值(精密运动、适应才能、言语、交际行为)的发育值及开展商数男性和女人比较,差异无统计学含义(P>0.05)。定论 除了适应才能和粗大运动才能发育稍缓慢以外,产前确诊IECM的儿童与产前没有被确诊IECM的儿童发育无太大不同。

[关键词]胎儿;孤立型;枕大池扩张;妊娠结局

[中图分类号] R174 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2017)07(a)-0128-04

Analysis on the pregnancy outcomes of fetal isolated enlarged cisterna magna

LIN Yu-jiao LIU Juan ZHONG Jin

Department of Obstetrics,Foshan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital in Guangdong Province,Foshan 528000,China

[Abstract]Objective To explore the pregnancy outcomes in fetuses with isolated enlarged cisterna magna (IECM).Methods 48 fetuses with IECM (the study group) and 60 normal fetuses (the control group) at our hospital from January 2011 to June 2015.All infants were assessed the gross motor,fine motor,adapting abilities,language and social interaction by the Gesell Developmental Schedules,and also evaluated the development quotient.Results The Gesell developmental value of gross motor and adapting abilities and the development quotient of infants in the study group were lower than those in the control group,and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).There were no significant differences between the Gesell developmental value of fine motor,language and social interaction in two groups (P>0.05).In the study group,the Gesell developmental value of gross motor of male infants was higher than that of the female infants,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).There were no significant differences between the other four Gesell developmental values (fine motor,adapting abilitieslanguage and social interaction) and development quotient in two groups (P>0.05).Conclusion The developmental abilities of infants with prenatal IECM are similar to those of normal fetuses,except for some subtle deficits in adapting and gross motor abilities.

[Key words]Fetus;Isolated;Enlarged cisterna magna;Pregnancy outcome

枕大池是坐落小腦尾部和延髓之间的蛛网膜下腔脑脊液空间,引流第四脑室[1]。枕大池扩展(ECM),也被称为巨型枕大池,界说为枕大池前后径>10 mm[2]。枕大池扩展或许是正常解剖变异或病理改动。后颅窝变形是重要的大脑结构反常[3]。后颅窝扩展或许因为Dandy-Walker变形、小脑蚓部彻底或部分缺如、后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿引起[4-7]。孤立型枕大池扩展(IECM)指没有兼并任何小脑或其他中枢神经系统变形的状况。但是,IECM有必要差异于后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿。IECM预后率不明,很少稀有据报导产前确诊IECM的预后,一些研讨报导与开展缓慢,人格妨碍相关[8-9],一些研讨报导发育正常[10-15],这些彼此对立的成果让人难以对胎儿IECM的病例供给牢靠的产前咨询。IECM的患病率和预后尚不清楚,现在也很少有儿童预后的相关数据。本研讨旨在点评IECM的妊娠结局,现报导如下。

1材料与办法

1.1一般材料

回忆性剖析2011年1月~2015年6月佛山市妇幼保健院确诊的IECM 48例作为研讨组及同期随机抽取的60例正常胎儿作为对照组。归入规范:①依据超声丈量的孕龄和胎儿孕龄共同;②健康孕妈妈,单胎妊娠,没有兼并任何小脑或其他中枢神经系统变形。研讨组孕妈妈年纪22~43岁,均匀(32.00±5.52)岁;初度确诊时的胎龄为20~35周,均匀(31.00±11.31)周;随访时婴幼儿年纪1~48个月,均匀(32.00±8.91)个月,此组孕妈妈都进行了胎儿磁共振成像(MRI)和核型剖析。正常对照组孕妈妈年纪20~40岁,均匀(33.00±4.54)岁;初度确诊时的胎龄为21~36周,均匀(30.00±13.18)周;随访时婴幼儿年纪为1~51个月,均匀(31.00±7.63)个月。两组孕妈妈在年纪、初度确诊时的胎龄、随访时婴幼儿年纪等一般材料比较,差异无统计学含义(P>0.05),具有可比性。一切的程序均依照道德委员会规范履行。

1.2办法

运用五颜六色多普勒超声确诊仪,其丈量规范依照世界妇产科超声协会在2007年拟定的胎儿中枢神经系统根本查看的攻略[16]进行,经过胎儿丘脑水平探查胎儿头颅并渐渐向颅底移动,显现小脑及小脑延髓池,丈量小脑蚓部至颅骨内缘的最大间隔,并调查胎儿有无结构反常。48例研讨组均在超声引导下行羊膜腔穿刺或脐血管穿刺查看胎儿染色体,均未见反常核型,行MRI查看与超声确诊根本共同。

1.3调查目标

选用格塞尔发育量表(1999首都儿科研讨所修订版)点评新生儿及儿童0~72个月的发育才能。检验分为5个检测发育的不同方面:大运动才能、精密动作、适应才能、言语和社会行为。开展商数≥85为发育正常,70~84为边际发育值,<70为开展缓慢[11]。

1.4统计学办法

选用SPSS 19.0统计学软件进行数据剖析,计量材料数据用均数±规范差(x±s)表明,两组间比较选用t查验;计数材料用率表明,组间比较选用χ2查验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学含义。

2成果

2.1两组婴幼儿发育才能的比较

研讨组开展商数、大运动才能和适应才能方面的格塞尔发育值低于对照组,差异有统计学含义(P<0.05)。两组精密运动、言语和社会行为比较,差异无统计学含义(P>0.05),研讨组的开展商数均在正常范围内(表1)。

2.2研讨组组内男性和女人婴儿发育才能比较

研讨组组内男性大运动才能的格塞尔发育值高于女人,差异有统计学含义(P<0.05),其他4项发育值(精密运动、适应才能、言语、交际行为)的发育值及开展商数男性和女人比较,差异无统计学含义(P>0.05)(表2)。

3评论

枕大池(CM)坐落小脑蚓部后下方,在小脑扁桃体之间,颈上下髓背侧外表和拖延,坐落枕部硬脑膜前方。第四脑室经过第四脑室正中孔与CM相通[17-19]搜集胎儿后颅窝流体,包含正常变异和反常[19],包含蚓部发育不良或发育不全、Dandy-Walker变形和巨CM[21]。胎儿颅后窝反常添加发现其他反常的危险。与ECM相关的反常包含38%先天性心脏缺点,32%脑室增宽,28%肢体反常,26%的面部变形[22],神经系统并发症和胎儿发育推迟也很常见。研讨报导20%~80%的ECM儿童存在发育缓慢[23-25]。以上成果提示,后颅窝变形或许会影响儿童的运动才能,适应才能,社会行为和言语才能。

因为胎儿超声筛查和MRI的开展,后颅窝反常在产前查看中并不罕见。但是,很多的研讨和彼此对立的成果,导致很难为IECM胎儿的爸爸妈妈供给牢靠的产前咨詢。此前的一项研讨报告指出,IECM胎儿出世后有正常的神经发育结局,非IECM胎儿仅有11%~29%神经发育结局正常[14],这项研讨不能代表更大的集体成果。Dror等[11]研讨了29例在宫内确诊为ECM的儿童,发现比正常儿童发育值低,视觉运动和社会行为才能下降。比较之下,Patek等[26]研讨了14例枕大池增宽(ECM),以为孤立的ECM孩子有正常的神经发育结局。Pilu 等[27]也指出单纯后颅窝积液预后杰出。Zimmer等[10]的研讨提示成人IECM认知功用正常,但回忆和言语流畅性得分低于正常。但是,胎儿状况与成人的不同。另一项研讨剖析了21岁以下承受神经印象学查看的患者,这些患者中,1%被确定为IECM,其间62%呈现神经发育妨碍[8]。

本研讨运用格塞尔发育量表随访了108名婴幼儿,并点评其发育才能。与正常儿童比较,IECM儿童粗大运动和适应才能显着下降,但这些才能仍在正常范围内。其他目标(精密运动、言语和社会行为)的发育值与正常对照组无显着性差异。这提示后颅窝增宽对婴幼儿的粗大运动和适应才能有较大的影响,但对精密运动、言语和社会行为影响不大。本文研讨组组内有38名男性胎儿和10名女人胎儿。成果提示,与女人胎儿比较,IECM更或许发生于男性,但性别差异的原因尚不清楚。在本研讨中研讨组组内男性大运动才能的格塞尔发育值显着高于女人,其他四个分检验(精密运动、适应才能、言语、交际行为)的发育值及开展商数无显着差异,这表明两性之间的各项点评值除大运动才能外没有显着差异。后颅窝反常或许与染色体反常有关。Thurmond等[29]报导五例ECM确诊为18三体综合征。Reece等[30]对19名孕妈妈进行了研讨,其间有两个ECM和最终确诊为18三体。但是,在本研讨中未检出IECM胎儿染色体核型剖析反常病例,阐明IECM或许与染色体反常无显着相关。

综上所述,胎儿孤立型枕大池扩张的妊娠结局较好,虽然或许会存在一些粗大运动和适应才能的缺点。但是,需求进一步的长时间随访研讨及更多的检验来证明对儿童发育的影响。本研讨成果有助于供给更好的产前咨询,并协助削减孕妈妈不必要的严重和焦虑。

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(收稿日期:2017-04-26 本文編辑:马 越)

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