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呼吸衰竭逝世进程 体外膜肺氧合医治新生儿重症呼吸衰竭效果的Meta剖析

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王新宽+丁凡+尤涛+阎慧婷

[摘要] 意图 点评新生儿体外膜肺氧合医治新生儿重症呼吸衰竭的临床作用。办法 选用Cochrane体系点评办法,检索Pubmed、Embase和the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register数据库,归入体外膜肺氧合比照传统机械通气医治新生儿重症呼吸衰竭的随机对照实验,选用RevMan 5.2软件进行数据剖析。成果 共归入4个研讨。Meta剖析成果显现,与传统机械通气比较,体外膜肺氧合组可以下降逝世率(RR 0.44,95%CI 0.31~0.61),成果有统计学含义,体外膜肺氧合组关于下降不伴发先天性膈疝患儿的逝世率更显着(RR 0.33, 95%CI 0.21~0.53),成果有统计学含义;与传统机械通气比较,体外膜肺氧合组可以下降患儿1年(RR 0.56,95%CI 0.40~0.78)、4年(RR 0.62,95%CI 0.45~0.86)、7年(RR 0.64,95%CI 0.47~0.88)的逝世率/致残率,成果具有统计学含义。一切患儿在7年后发作逝世或许重度残疾。定论 体外膜肺氧合可显着改进新生儿重症呼吸衰竭的逝世率及致残率,但关于伴发先天性膈疝的患儿作用仍不清晰。

[关键词] 体外膜肺氧合;新生儿呼吸衰竭;Meta剖析

[中图分类号] R608 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2014)28-0154-04

新生儿呼吸衰竭(neonatal respiratory failure,NRF)首要是指新生儿的外呼吸功用呈现妨碍,导致新生儿的动脉氧分压过低,可一起伴发或不伴血二氧化碳分压的增高,呈现相应一系列的临床症状的病理进程,是形成新生儿逝世的常见危重症,特别新生儿重症呼吸衰竭的病死率更高[1-8]。据报导,国外NICU病房中约13%的患儿会发作新生儿呼吸衰竭[9],逝世率为1.5%,而我国NICU病房中约38.9%的患儿呈现新生儿呼吸衰竭,逝世率高达22.5%[7,10],新生儿呼吸衰竭具有高发病率,一起形成高逝世率,在我国这种现象更为严峻[2,4,11]。现在,对新生儿呼吸衰竭的医治办法是机械通气,因为呼吸机的运用,使得新生儿呼吸衰竭的逝世率有所下降,可是机械通气常伴发严峻的并发症,如呼吸机相关性肺损害及缓慢肺疾病,成为困扰医生的一个新论题。因而,怎么进步新生儿呼吸衰竭的诊治水平,特别是新生儿重症呼吸衰竭,下降逝世率,成为医治的首要方针[9,12,13]。近年来,有报导称,运用体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)办法医治新生儿重症呼吸衰竭取得了较好的作用[1-3],一起并发症低,可是,运用体外膜肺氧合疗法的样本量较少,体外膜肺氧合的作用尚存在必定的争议[1,8,14,15],临床作用值得进一步评论。本研讨拟选用体系点评的办法,点评体外膜肺氧合医治新生儿重症呼吸衰竭的作用,以期为临床医治供给根据。

1 材料与办法

1.1 归入规范

研讨类型有必要为随机对照实验,语种不限;研讨目标为新生儿重症呼吸衰竭患者,且疾病具有必定的可逆性(经过生理目标进行点评),患儿年纪小于28 d,包含妊娠34周临产的新生儿;调查组干涉办法为体外膜肺氧合疗法,对照组干涉办法为惯例呼吸机机械通气;成果目标为疾病的病死率及致残率。

1.2文献检索

以“Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation AND respiratory failure AND random* trial”检索Pubmed、Embase、the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register数据库,截止时刻为2014年2月。两个作者对检索成果进行独立的挑选,并提取材料,如遇纷歧致评论处理。

1.3数据提取与质量点评

首要提取以下材料:研讨的基本情况、两组患者的基线材料和疾病情况、干涉办法、对照办法、成果目标。归入研讨的质量据Cochrane 点评手册进行点评,首要点评以下条目:随机数字的发作、分配躲藏、盲法、成果数据完整性、选择性陈述、其他偏倚。

1.4统计学剖析

数据剖析选用RevMan 5.2软件进行剖析。对二分类变量的成果目标,选用风险比(RR)及其95%可信区间(95%CI)描绘。选用I2查验进行异质性剖析,若I2<50%,以为没有异质性,选用固定效应模型,反之,则选用随机效应模型。查验水平为α=0.05。

2成果

2.1检索成果及归入研讨的一般特征

开始检索取得237条文献,扫除重复文献、总述、病例陈述、动物实验等,终究归入4个研讨[16-19](图1)。归入的4个研讨,3个研讨来源于美国,1个研讨来源于英国。归入研讨的患儿基线水平纷歧,3个研讨样本量较小,临床异质性较大,所归入的研讨或许存在宣布偏倚。一切研讨均报导病死率及致残率。所归入研讨的办法学描绘不全,一切研讨都提及随机,可是均未描绘随机的办法,一切研讨均未提及盲法和分配躲藏,2个研讨报导了失访。

2.2 Meta剖析的成果

2.2.1 病死率Meta剖析 成果显现,与传统机械通气比较:体外膜肺氧合组可以下降逝世率(RR 0.44,95% CI 0.31~ 0.61,P<0.00001)(图2),成果有统计学含义;体外膜肺氧合组关于下降不伴发先天性膈疝患儿的逝世率更显着(RR 0.33,95%CI 0.21~0.53,P<0.00001)(图3),成果有统计学含义;体外膜肺氧合组对伴发先天性膈疝的患儿的逝世率无显着改进(RR 0.84,95%CI 0.67~1.05,P=0.08)(图4),成果无统计学含义。

2.2.2 致残率Meta剖析 成果显现,与传统机械通气比较:体外膜肺氧合组可以下降患儿1年(RR 0.56,95%CI 0.40-0.78)、4年(RR 0.62,95%CI 0.45-0.86)、7年(RR 0.64,95% CI 0.47-0.88)(图5)的逝世率/致残率,成果具有统计学含义;体外膜肺氧合组关于下降不伴发先天性膈疝患儿的致残率更显着,1年(RR 0.45,95%CI 0.28~0.72,P=0.009)(图6)、4年和7年(RR 0.49,95%CI 0.31~0.77,P=0.002)(图7);体外膜肺氧合组对伴发先天性膈疝的患儿的致残率无显着改进,1年(RR 0.78, 95%CI 0.60~1.02,P=0.05)(图8)、4年(RR 0.89,95%CI 0.74~1.08,P=0.16),成果无统计学含义。一切患儿在7年后发作逝世或重度残疾。endprint

3 评论

本研讨成果显现,关于新生儿重症呼吸衰竭的患儿,体外膜肺氧合可显着改进新生儿重症呼吸衰竭的逝世率及致残率,但关于伴发先天性膈疝的患儿作用仍不清晰。可是本研讨具有较大的局限性,归入研讨的患儿基线水平纷歧,归入研讨的样本量较小,临床异质性较大,所归入的研讨或许存在宣布偏倚,一切研讨均未描绘随机的办法,一切研讨均未提及盲法和分配躲藏,且随访报导不全。

现在,关于呼吸衰竭的患儿,选用机械通气的办法仍是首要的医治手法,可是呼吸衰竭的患者的肺部病变不均一且正常肺泡数目变少,形成了机械通气时易发作各种并发症[20, 21],即便选用各种办法仍难以避免,导致病变加剧,一起,机械通气对支气管段下的肺功用妨碍无效[20, 22-25]。体外膜肺氧合是一种新的呼吸循环支撑手法,现在这种技能已成为重症呼吸衰竭患者在其他医治办法无效时的一种新的有用代替疗法[21,26,27],其首要的原理是将静脉中的血液引流出体外,然后在血液泵作用下,运用膜式氧合器,将血液中的CO2开释一起进行氧合,最终,把氧合的血流回输患者体内,在体外完结氧与二氧化碳的交流[17,19]。运用这种技能可以较长时刻的悉数/部分完结呼吸循环支撑,代替患者的心肺功用,确保患者的心肺得以足够歇息的一起,维系患者血液及血液动力平稳,为重症患者心肺功用的逐步康复争夺名贵的时刻[18,19]。近年来,体外膜肺氧合技能逐步使用于新生儿呼吸衰竭的医治中,且取得了较好的作用,使新生儿呼吸衰竭的医治作用有了显着的进步[16-19, 24, 28]。经过本研讨标明,其作用显着优于传统的机械通气,可显着下降新生儿呼吸衰竭的病死率及致残率,可是对伴发先天性膈疝患儿的作用尚不清晰。但因为本研讨的局限性,将来需要高质量、大样本的随机对照实验来进行点评。

[参考文献]

[1] 齐鸣明. 体外膜肺医治新生儿急性呼吸衰竭[J]. 空军总医院学报,1989,(1):48-50.

[2] 齐鸣明. 体外膜肺医治新生儿呼吸衰竭[J]. 国外医学(儿科学分册),1989,(1): 16-21.

[3] 詹庆元,孙兵,王辰. 体外膜肺氧合在极重度呼吸衰竭救治中的使用[A].呼吸与重症医学(2010-2011)[C]. 2011.

[4] 赵玉祥. 新生儿呼吸衰竭的呼吸机医治评论[D]. 东南大学,2005.

[5] Alvarado-Socarras JL,Gomez C,Gomez A,et al. Current state of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in Colombia: description of the first cases[J]. Arch Cardiol Mex,2014,84(2):121-127.

[6] Ariza-Sole A,Sanchez-Salado JC,Lorente-Tordera V,et al. Ventricular support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:A new rescue alternative for refractory cardiogenic shock[J]. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed),2013,66(6):501-503.

[7] Banfi C,Bendjelid K,Giraud R. Conversion from percutaneous venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation access to a peripheral arterial cannulation: Is it safe?[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2014,147(6),1995-1996.

[8] Esper SA,Levy JH, Waters JH,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the adult:A review of anticoagulation monitoring and transfusion[J]. Anesth Analg,2014, 118(4):731-743.

[9] Cavarocchi N,Wallace S,Hong E,et al. A cost-reducing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)program model:A single institution experience[EB/OL]. [2014-05-13]. http://prf. sagepub. com/content/early/2014/05/08/0267659114534288.long

[10] Abrams DC,Prager K,Blinderman CD,et al. Ethical dilemmas encountered with the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adults[J]. Chest, 2014, 145(4), 876-882.

[11] 杨万清. 新生儿呼吸衰竭医治的研讨发展[J]. 我国临床新医学,2013,6(7): 707-712.

[12] Burov AA,Nikiforov DV,Podurovskaia IuL,et al. Experience of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in critical care of respiratory failure in newborn with congenital diaphragmatic hernia in perinatal center[J]. Anesteziol Reanimatol, 2013, (6): 33-36.endprint

[13] Hayes D Jr.,Higgins RS,Kilic A,et al. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Retransplantation in Lung Transplantation:An analysis of the UNOS registry[J]. Lung,2014,192(4): 571-576.

[14] 刘大凤,刘亚玲,陈红,等. 体外膜氧合医治流行症急性呼吸衰竭的发展[J]. 成都医学院学报,2014,9(1):82-84.

[15] Auzinger G,Willars C,Loveridge R,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory hypoxemia after liver transplantation in severe hepatopulmonary syndrome: A solution with pitfalls[J]. Liver Transpl,2014,20(9):1141-1144.

[16] Bartlett RH,Roloff DW,Cornell RG,et al. Extracorporeal circulation in neonatal respiratory failure:A prospective randomized study[J]. Pediatrics,1985,76(4):479-487.

[17] Bennett CC, Johnson A, Field DJ, et al. UK collaborative randomised trial of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:Follow-up to age 4 years[J]. Lancet, 2001, 357(9262):1094-1096.

[18] Bifano EM, Hakanson DO, Hingre RV, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial of conventional treatment or transport for ECMO in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension(PPHN)[J]. 1992, 117(5): e845-e854.

[19] O'Rourke PP, Crone RK, Vacanti JP, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and conventional medical therapy in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn:A prospective randomized study[J]. Pediatrics,1989,84(6):957-963.

[20] Loforte A,Marinelli G,Musumeci F,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in refractory cardiogenic shock:Treatment strategies and analysis of risk factors[J]. Artif Organs,2014,38(7):129-141.

[21] Maslach-Hubbard A,Bratton SL. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric respiratory failure: History, development and current status[J]. World J Crit Care Med, 2013,2(4):29-39.

[22] Messing JA,Agnihothri RV,Van Dusen R,et al. Prolonged use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a rescue modality following traumatic brain injury[J]. ASAIO J,2014,60(5):597-599.

[23] Mosquera VX,Solla-Buceta M,Pradas-Irun C,et al. Lower limb overflow syndrome in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2014,19(3):532-534.

[24] Obadia B,Theron A,Gariboldi V,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to surgery for ischemic papillary muscle rupture[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2014,147(6):e82-84.

[25] Peer SM,Emerson DA,Costello JP,et al. Intermediate-term results of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support following congenital heart surgery[J]. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg,2014,5(2):236-240.

[26] Lee SG,Son BS,Kang PJ,et al. The feasibility of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for inter-hospital transport and as a bridge to lung transplantation[J]. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2014, 20(1):26-31.

[27] Mariani S,Paolini G,Formica F. Limb ischemia and femoral arterial cannulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:Does the perfect technique exist?[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2014,147(5): 1719.

[28] Mokashi S,Rajab TK,Lee LY,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma[J]. Ann Thorac Surg,2014, 97(3):1073-1075.

(收稿日期:2014-06-06)endprint

[13] Hayes D Jr.,Higgins RS,Kilic A,et al. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Retransplantation in Lung Transplantation:An analysis of the UNOS registry[J]. Lung,2014,192(4): 571-576.

[14] 刘大凤,刘亚玲,陈红,等. 体外膜氧合医治流行症急性呼吸衰竭的发展[J]. 成都医学院学报,2014,9(1):82-84.

[15] Auzinger G,Willars C,Loveridge R,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory hypoxemia after liver transplantation in severe hepatopulmonary syndrome: A solution with pitfalls[J]. Liver Transpl,2014,20(9):1141-1144.

[16] Bartlett RH,Roloff DW,Cornell RG,et al. Extracorporeal circulation in neonatal respiratory failure:A prospective randomized study[J]. Pediatrics,1985,76(4):479-487.

[17] Bennett CC, Johnson A, Field DJ, et al. UK collaborative randomised trial of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:Follow-up to age 4 years[J]. Lancet, 2001, 357(9262):1094-1096.

[18] Bifano EM, Hakanson DO, Hingre RV, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial of conventional treatment or transport for ECMO in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension(PPHN)[J]. 1992, 117(5): e845-e854.

[19] O'Rourke PP, Crone RK, Vacanti JP, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and conventional medical therapy in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn:A prospective randomized study[J]. Pediatrics,1989,84(6):957-963.

[20] Loforte A,Marinelli G,Musumeci F,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in refractory cardiogenic shock:Treatment strategies and analysis of risk factors[J]. Artif Organs,2014,38(7):129-141.

[21] Maslach-Hubbard A,Bratton SL. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric respiratory failure: History, development and current status[J]. World J Crit Care Med, 2013,2(4):29-39.

[22] Messing JA,Agnihothri RV,Van Dusen R,et al. Prolonged use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a rescue modality following traumatic brain injury[J]. ASAIO J,2014,60(5):597-599.

[23] Mosquera VX,Solla-Buceta M,Pradas-Irun C,et al. Lower limb overflow syndrome in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2014,19(3):532-534.

[24] Obadia B,Theron A,Gariboldi V,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to surgery for ischemic papillary muscle rupture[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2014,147(6):e82-84.

[25] Peer SM,Emerson DA,Costello JP,et al. Intermediate-term results of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support following congenital heart surgery[J]. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg,2014,5(2):236-240.

[26] Lee SG,Son BS,Kang PJ,et al. The feasibility of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for inter-hospital transport and as a bridge to lung transplantation[J]. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2014, 20(1):26-31.

[27] Mariani S,Paolini G,Formica F. Limb ischemia and femoral arterial cannulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:Does the perfect technique exist?[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2014,147(5): 1719.

[28] Mokashi S,Rajab TK,Lee LY,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma[J]. Ann Thorac Surg,2014, 97(3):1073-1075.

(收稿日期:2014-06-06)endprint

[13] Hayes D Jr.,Higgins RS,Kilic A,et al. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Retransplantation in Lung Transplantation:An analysis of the UNOS registry[J]. Lung,2014,192(4): 571-576.

[14] 刘大凤,刘亚玲,陈红,等. 体外膜氧合医治流行症急性呼吸衰竭的发展[J]. 成都医学院学报,2014,9(1):82-84.

[15] Auzinger G,Willars C,Loveridge R,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory hypoxemia after liver transplantation in severe hepatopulmonary syndrome: A solution with pitfalls[J]. Liver Transpl,2014,20(9):1141-1144.

[16] Bartlett RH,Roloff DW,Cornell RG,et al. Extracorporeal circulation in neonatal respiratory failure:A prospective randomized study[J]. Pediatrics,1985,76(4):479-487.

[17] Bennett CC, Johnson A, Field DJ, et al. UK collaborative randomised trial of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:Follow-up to age 4 years[J]. Lancet, 2001, 357(9262):1094-1096.

[18] Bifano EM, Hakanson DO, Hingre RV, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial of conventional treatment or transport for ECMO in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension(PPHN)[J]. 1992, 117(5): e845-e854.

[19] O'Rourke PP, Crone RK, Vacanti JP, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and conventional medical therapy in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn:A prospective randomized study[J]. Pediatrics,1989,84(6):957-963.

[20] Loforte A,Marinelli G,Musumeci F,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in refractory cardiogenic shock:Treatment strategies and analysis of risk factors[J]. Artif Organs,2014,38(7):129-141.

[21] Maslach-Hubbard A,Bratton SL. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric respiratory failure: History, development and current status[J]. World J Crit Care Med, 2013,2(4):29-39.

[22] Messing JA,Agnihothri RV,Van Dusen R,et al. Prolonged use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a rescue modality following traumatic brain injury[J]. ASAIO J,2014,60(5):597-599.

[23] Mosquera VX,Solla-Buceta M,Pradas-Irun C,et al. Lower limb overflow syndrome in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2014,19(3):532-534.

[24] Obadia B,Theron A,Gariboldi V,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to surgery for ischemic papillary muscle rupture[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2014,147(6):e82-84.

[25] Peer SM,Emerson DA,Costello JP,et al. Intermediate-term results of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support following congenital heart surgery[J]. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg,2014,5(2):236-240.

[26] Lee SG,Son BS,Kang PJ,et al. The feasibility of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for inter-hospital transport and as a bridge to lung transplantation[J]. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2014, 20(1):26-31.

[27] Mariani S,Paolini G,Formica F. Limb ischemia and femoral arterial cannulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:Does the perfect technique exist?[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2014,147(5): 1719.

[28] Mokashi S,Rajab TK,Lee LY,et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma[J]. Ann Thorac Surg,2014, 97(3):1073-1075.

(收稿日期:2014-06-06)endprint

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